Caste Issues in Sri Lanka: A Partial Bibliography

Michael Roberts

I came across this undated list in my computer files — one drawn up quite sometime back, maybe 20 years back. Though I would seem to have been part of the enterprise, some spellings suggest the involvement of others; while Iranga Silva of the ICES Kandy also seems to have been one of the compilers. It will, nevertheless, interest some readers & scholars and could assisit budding researchers. The items or authors presented in black were part of the File I found. I have taken the liberty of deploying a colour scheme, with red indicating rare items that I have not seen/studied; blue some highly important studies; ….

Colour code by Iranga …. & Roberts; but rather haphazard at the moment regretfully

General work on Caste in Sri Lanka

Sinhala Caste System

Caste among Sri Lanka Tamils

Entered by VP (from A Bibliography of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) by H A I Goonetileke)

*****  ******

Abeywardena, H.A.P. (1977). Traditional rural organizational patterns with special reference to the North Central Province. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Traditional Rural Culture of Sri Lanka, pp. 8-17.

Amarasekera, D. (2012). Caste and social change. Warakapola: Ariya Publishers.

Armour, John, List of Castes (Niti Nighanduwa); or Grammar of the Kandian Law C.Misc. 1, 1842: 2-4. Repr. in: “Gramma of the Kandyan Law”, methodically arranged and digested . with a copious index, glossary and appendix; by Joseph Martinus Perera. (1861). xiv, 165 p. Appendix A. On caste, pp.123-125.  B. On slavery, pp.126-129)  Repr. Colombo , Ceylon Times Co. Ltd., Printers, 1880.

Amunugama, Sarath 1997 “Ideology and Class Interest in One of Piyadasa Sirisena’s Novels: The New Image of the “Sinhala Buddhist” Nationalist,” in M. Roberts (ed.), Sri Lanka. Collective Identities Revisited, Vol I, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp. 335-53.

Ann Adele [Balasingham], 1993, Women Fighters of Liberation Tigers, Jaffna: Thasan Printers.

Anthony Pillai, A. B. Who are the Kuru-Kulame of Jaffna? Colombo,North Ceylon Maritime Association (Colombo, North Ceylon Maritime Association (Colombo Branch), (Oxford Press, Printers), 1956, 28p.

Antoninus, P.A.J.B. Fr. Rulers and Chieftains of Kurukulams of Sri Lanka. Kurukshetra Vol 2, 1976: 37-63. Lists of chieftans and headman to show that the Kauravas held high office from pre-Portuguese times to the British period.

Arasaratnam, S. (1980). Social History of a Dominant Caste Society: The Vellalar of North Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 18th Century.  Journal of the Indian Economic and Social History Review, 18 (3 & 4): pp. 377-391.

Arasaratnam, S. (1994). Sri Lanka’s Tamils: under colonial rule, In:  C. Manokaran and B.Pfaffenberger. eds., The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 28-34.

Arasaratnam, S.(1998). Nationalism in Sri Lanka and the Tamils. In: M. Roberts ed., Sri Lanka: Collective Identities revisited, Vol. II. Colombo: Marga Institute, pp.295-312.

Ariyapala, Manikka Badaturu. Social Structure; Occupations. Society in Mediaeval Ceylon: The State of Society in Ceylon as depicted in the Saddharma Ratnavaliyaand other literature of the thirteenth century. Colombo, K V G de Silva 1956.  Ch12 (a), pp284-292; Ch13, pp329-342 xix, 415 p. , front., 10pl. An attempt to reconstruct the state of society during a period which marked the beginning of a decline in Sinhalese culture the material has been divided in to three sections- political, religious and social for convenience of treatment, through all the spheres of activity were inter-connected and religion permeated the whole warp and woof of society.

Ariyapala, Manikka Badaturu. Society in Mediaeval Ceylon. (1956). Banks, Michael Y. The Social Organisation of the Jaffna Tamils of North Ceylon, With Special Reference to Kinship, Marriage and Inheritance. (Ph,D. thesis. Cambridge University Press, 1957, unpublished typescript).

Arumainayagam, K. Caste in Jaffna in the Nineteenth Century. Pt.I and II. Tribune. 20(50) 22 May 1976: 18-19; 20(51) 29 May 1976: 19-21. The first part deals with the caste issues in the Portuguese, Dutch and early British Periods up to the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the second treats of the new approach and initiative adopted by the Protestant missionaries through education to loosen the barriers, and the strong hostility displayed by the high-caste Hindu groups to these liberating tendencies.

Arumainayagam, K. Caste in Jaffna -1900 to 1950. Pts. I & II. Tribune 21(10) Aug. 1976:17-19; 21 (11) 21 Aug., 1976: 18-20. A sequel to the earlier articles, in which the writer outlines the manner in which caste issues in education and religious practices came to a head in the first few decades of the 20^th century, and the struggle between the religious orthodoxies of the Hindu establishment, state regulations and depressed classes deprived of their privileges. In the second instalment, the impetus provided by the Jaffna Youth Congress is discussed, and the greater liberality in religious and social practices in the mid twentieth century is described.

Arumainayagam, K., 1979 “Kudi-makkal-Domestic Servants”, Tribune September 15,24 (10): pp. 27-28

Arumainayagam, K., 1979 “Kudi-makkal-Domestic Servants”, Tribune September 22,24 (10): pp. 9-10

Arumainayagam, K., 2000, “Caste in Jaffna in the 19^th Century” in Duraisingham, T. (ed.), Politics and Life in Our Times, Vol. 11. pp. 1710-1745, Colombo: Unie Art Pvt.

Aryadhamma, H Caste. Buddhist 1 (39) 1888-89: 309-310.

Balasingham, K. (1920). The Aryans. Colombo: Ceylon Morning Leader.

Balasooriya, A. (2013). Issues at the Own Backyard: Caste Based Socio Economic Inequalities in Intra-Tamil Community in Northern Sri Lanka. Journal of International Development and Cooperation.19 (3), pp. 15-29.

Balasundaram, S., 2005 Malaiyaha People: A Study of Changing Ethnic Identity Formation Among the Plantation Tamils in Sri Lanka, Unpublished B.A. Thesis, University of Peradeniya.

Banks, M. (1957). The Social Organization of the Jaffna Tamils North Ceylon with Special Reference to Kingship, Marriage and Inheritance. (Ph. D.Thesis). Cambridge University.

Banks, Michael Y. Caste in Jaffna. Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan…ed. by E R Leach (1960). pp. 61-77

Bate, B. (2006). Textuality and social transformation in nineteenth century Jaffna. In: Tamil Studies Conference Tropes, Territories, Competing Realities.11-14 May, Toronto.

Beauregard, Ollivier. Ceylan et ses habitants aux temps anciens, moyens et moderns. Bulletine de la Societe d’ Anthropilogie de Paris. 3^rd series. 8, 1885: 86-121

Beskrovnaya, O. Who are they, the Rodiyas. Asia and Africa Today. No. 2, Feb 1974:30

Bhanjee, Tarique, 199, Follow up report regarding research in Mahaiyawa MC (unpublished typescript)

Bopegamage, A The Sinhalese Caste System. Artha Vijnana 5(2) June 1963: 152-164 +Hindi text, with a summary in English

Cartman, James Rev. Hinduism in Ceylon 1957 Colombo, M D Gunasena, [1957]. [10], 188, [4], ix p., 22pl., 2 maps (incl. front), Caste Ch. 8, pp. 132-145.

Casie Chitty, Simon Modliar (sic) i.e. Mudaliyar, The Ceylon Gazatteer: containing an accurate account of the districts, provinces, cities, towns, principal villages, harbours, lakes, rivers and etc., of the island of Ceylon together with…93(p16,17  Vol I)

Casie Chitty, Simon.  Illustrations of the manners, customs and literature of the Tamils. C. Mag. 2(15) Nov. 1841: 137-141; 2(16) Dec. 1841: 186-189; 2(17) Jan. 1842: 242-245. Ch.1. Origin and the Country of the Tamils – their divisions in to castes; Ch.2. Different kinds of Brahmans; Ch.3. Different Kinds of Khatriyas.

Casie Chitty, Simon. A Correct Outline and Classification of the Tamul Castes. Ceylon Gazeteer (1834) . pp.225-235. Containing an accurate account of the districts,provinces, cities,towns, principal villages, harbours, rivers, lakes, etc, of the island of Ceylon; together with the sketches of manners, customs, institutions, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, revenues, population, castes, religion, history of its various inhabitants. Colombo, Gotta Church Mission Press, 1834. viii, 286, xxip. The first attempt of this kind, and a fine achievement in the circumstances. Every facility of the Government was afforded for carrying it through the press. Only 500 copies were printed. An honoratium of 100 guineas was awarded to the author by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Casie Chitty, Simon. An Account of the Mookwas in the District of Putlam. Tr.Ethn.S. n.s. 4, 1886: 348-351.

Casie Chitty, Simon. The Castes, Customs, Manners and Literature of the Tamils. Colombo, Ceylon Printers Ltd., [1934]. [8] , 139p

Caste in Tamil Culture. (1982). New York: Syracuse University.

Caste pamphlets. Kurukshetra 3, 1977: 80-82 List of 26 pamphlets in the H C P Bell collection in the National Museum, Colombo (No.24/F 2-3). His notes are also reproduced.

Ceylon. Cholera Commission. Report of the commissioners appointed by His Excellency the Governor under Minute dated 3^rd March 1867…upon the causes which led to the recent outbreak of cholera in the Jaffna peninsula…(1867). See No. 7710a. + Throws much light on social conditions of Tamil villages in the Jaffna peninsula and islands.

Chandrabose A S, 2003, Distribution of Population in Sri Lanka and the People of Up Country, in: Contemporary Problems of Up Country Tamil People: A Multidimensional Perspective (Tamil), Colombo: Sivalingam Memorial Committee.

Chandraprema C A, 1991, Sri Lanka: Years of terror: The JVP Insurrection 1987-1989, Colombo: Lake House.

Chandrasekaran M, 2006, Trials and Tribulations of Repatriates from Sri Lanka, conference paper read in Indo-Lankan Seminar.

Codrington, Humphrey William. Right-hand and Left-hand JR ASCB 28(74) 1921: 151-152. +A caste division in South India and Siam and its absence on similar lines in Ceylon.

Codrington, Humphrey William. The Kandyan Navandanno. JRAS CB  21(62) 1909: 221-253

Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish, The Feudal Craftsman in India and Ceylon. The Indian Caftsman (1909). Ch 3, pp.20-56.

Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. A Note on the Number of Craftsman in the Kandyan Population.  CNR 2(6) May 1908: 239-240

Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. Medieval Sinhalese Art: being a monograph on mediaeval Sinhalese arts and crafts mainly as surviving in the eighteenth century, with an account of the structure of society and the status of the craftsmen. Broad Campden Essex House Press, 1908. xvi , 340p. , col. Front., 53 pl., 153 text illus. The edition consisted of 425 copies printed under the care of the author at the Essex House Press in the Norman Chapel at Broad Campden, Gloucestershire.

Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. Social Economy of the Kandyan Sinhalese in the Eighteenth Century. Mediaeval Sinhalese Art (1908), 2^nd ed. (1956). Ch. 2., pp. 19-49

Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. The Village Community and Modern Progress. C.N.R. 2(7) Aug. 1908: 249-260 Repr. as “What Might Have Been: The Village Community and Modern Progress”, in: “Organising for Development: Progress and Reaction in Ceylon, 1947-1963” ed. by C. R. Hensman. (Community Series No. 7). Colombo 1964. Pp. 36-48.

Coomaraswami, Radhika, 1997, “The Tigers and the Women’s Emancipation”, Frontline, 10 January 1997.

Coomaraswamy, R. (2004). Race: identity, caste & conflict in the South Asian context. Colombo: ICES

Corea J. A. The Policy of the Corea Family. Kurukshetra  1(1-2)1975: 91-92. An old document dredged up in the present day to keep alive an old caste prejudice in the twenties.

Daniel Valentine, E., 2001, Sri Lankan’s and Tamils in Anthropography of Violence, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 14-42

Daniel E. V & Thangaraj, Y 1994, “Forms, Formations and Transformation of the Tamil Refugee”, in E V Daniel & Chr. Knudser, J. (eds.), Mistrusting Refugees, Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp.39-68.

Dass, D. and Deulkar, S. (2002). Caste System. Dominant Publishers and Distributors. University of Michigan

David, I. B. Jaffna and its Castes T.C. Chr. No. 1922: 15, 18-19, illus.

David, K. A. (1972). The Bound and the Not: Variation in Social and Cultural Structure in Rural Jaffna. Ph.D.  Chicago University.

David, K. A. (1973). Until Marriages Do Us Part: A Cultural Account of Jaffna Tamil Categories of Kinsman? Man. 8 (4), pp. 521-535.

David, Kenneth Andrew. “And Never the Twain Shall Meet”? Mediating the Structural Approaches to Rural Intercaste Ranking. Structural Approaches to South Indian Studies; ed. By Harry M Buck and Glenn E. Yocum. Chambersburg, Pa., Wilson Books, 1974a . pp. 43-80. A formidable anthropological contribution, dealing with major approaches to understanding caste ranking throughout the sub-continent and in Ceylon where David has done field work. It offers numerous distinctions or concepts for analysing caste rankings.

David, Kenneth Andrew. Hierarchy and Equivalence in Jaffna North Sri Lanka: Normative Codes as Mediators. in: K David (ed.) The New Wind, Changing Identities in South Asia. The Hague, Mouton, 1977. pp.179-226, 3 tables, 1 diagr. Addresses the substantive question of unity versus diversity. Normative analysis, a level of analysis treated tangentially by both Dumont and Karve helps to clarify an important aspect of the unity/diversity question. In the three parts of this paper the question is asked: is there unity/diversity in symbolic and normative orientations at the level of the caste, at the level of intercaste interrelations, and at the level of man/God relations? Pt1 . Rejects certain aspects of Karve’s diversity model. Pt. 2 considers normative codes for intercaste conduct, and diverse unities of normative orientations are noticed. Pt3 is yet more inclusive in that it considers the relations between man and God. The conclusion summarises the substantive question of unity/diversity in symbolic and normative orientations, before returning to the theoretical question posed at the beginning.

David, Kenneth Andrew. Socio–Cultural Change in the Sinhalese Sections of Ceylon: Cultural Innovations by the Karava Caste (M.A. Thesis Univ. of Chicago, 1968 Unpublished typescript).

David, Kenneth Andrew. “Spatial Organisation and Normative Schemes in Jaffna., Northern Sri Lanka. Mod. Cey. St. 4(1-2)1973a: 21-52, 2 tables, 6 diagrams. The problem of generalization in the key theoretical consideration in this study of the spatial, cultural and social organisation of the Jaffna peninsula. Using detailed descriptions of three different types of ecological units: an agricultural village, a fishing village and the artisan caste section of a market town, the author seeks to stamp out the ethnographic heresy of representing a heterogeneous whole by only one of its parts. He argues the typical model of Southern South Asian rural intercaste transactions is derived from a consideration of agricultural villages with their core of high caste landowners ‘bound’ in jajmani relations to a circle of serving castes. The complicated model, on the other hand, he presents for Jaffna consists of two polar types of intercaste transactions, a ‘bound’ jajmani type and an ‘unbound’ mercantile type, the first characterised by long-standing non-commercialised social relations, the second by transitory commercialised relations. The implications are fascinating.

David, Kenneth. The Bound and the Nonbound: Variations in Social and Cultural Structure in Rural Jaffna, Ceylon. (PhD. Thesis, Chicago University, 1972. Unpublished typescript). 540 leaves.

David,K.A. (1968). Socio-Cultural Change in the Sinhalese Sections of Ceylon: Cultural Innovations by the Karava Caste. (M.A Thesis). Chicago: University of Chicago.

De Fonseka, Lionel. The Karave Flag Kurukshetra, 2, 1976: 1-17, 1 illus. An essay to trace the significance of each of the symbols on the Karave flag, and to render their collective meaning as the emblem of the Kavurava Vansa. Reprinted from C.A.L.R. 7 (1) July 1921:1-11, Colombo, Times of Ceylon Ltd.

De Melho, Phillip Rev. A table of the castes of the Malabars  drawn up by the Reverand Philipus de Melho, a Dutch clergyman and native of the island of Ceylon; sent to the editor of the “Journal” by “A Constant Reader” writing from the Jaffnapatam, Intereor 10^th July 1832”. C.J.  No.60, Aug. 4 1832: 340. Repr. MLRC  4(11) Nov. 1896: 241-2 Repr. Under the title of “A Genealogy Table of the Castes of Tamulers,who are also called Malabars, drawn up by the Rev. Mr Philippus (sic) De Melho”. C.Ex.Illus.Lit.Suppl.2 (2) Jan. 1876: 21. (in this reprint nearly all the proper names are added in Tamil script). Repr. Under the title of “A Summary View of the Castes of the Taiml Nation, by the late Rev. Philip de Melho, on the Ceylon establishment of the Honorable the Dutch East India Company” with footnotes by Matthew P.J. Ondaatje. I.A. 10, March 1881: 85-7. (in this reprint the antiquated spellings of some of the proper names has been modernized. Ondaatje probably obtained the material from the Colombo Journal). A description of the tribes of the Tamil people of Ceylon and their respective occupations under their native kings. It was found among the author’s papers on his death in 1790, dated 25 July 1788. De Melho, by birth a Tamil, was the first native of Ceylon to be ordained a Christian minister. He was born in Colombo in 1723 and died in Jaffna.

De Saram, A. (1832). A description of Caste in the Island of Ceylon: Their Trade and Their Services to the Government. Colombo: The Granthaprakasa Press.

De Saram, A. Mudaliyar. A Description of Castes in the Island of Ceylon, Their Trades and their Services to Government. To which is appended a description of the dress of native headmen according to their different castes, copied from an old Ceylon Almanac dated 1811. Galle, the Albion Press, Printers, [1888]. 8p. (+fold sheet containing the appendix on dress). New.ed.Galle, the Albion press, [1889]. 9p. (+ fold. Sheet..); repr. Colombo, Granthaprakasa press, printers, [1906]. 9p. (+fold.sheet). + The extra (ninth) page in the new edition of 1889 contains “Translation in to English of the copy of the copper sanas” [grant], given by the king of Ceylon to Periya Mudali Marikar dated 7 May 1010. The 1906 reprint has the words “A reprint of” at the beginning of the usual title on the  cover. This information was supplied to the Governer Sir Robert Wilmot Horton on the 24^th Jan 1832. The original MS. was probably in the Government Record Office, and George Lee, Record Keeper and Editor of the Colombo Journal published it anonymously in that journal (C.J. No. 48, June 23, 1832: 254-5), from where it was later reprinted, also anonymously, in MLRC 3 (12) Dec. 1895: 274-7. The title under which it was reproduced in the Colombo Journal  and later in the Monthly Literary Register was probably De Saram’s original title, “A Description of Castes in the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon, Their Trade and Their Services to the Government.” When it appeared as an independent pamphlet, credited to De Seram, in 1888, four concluding paragraphs had been added to the text (on p. 8). These were evidently supplied by the person who was responsible for the publication of De Saram’s manuscript in Galle. He is believed to be Mr D A Tilakaratne.

De Silva Colvin R. 1952, Ceylon Under British Occupation:1795-1983. 1(2). Colombo: Apothecaries.

De Silva K. M. The Problem of Castes Drifting Without a Policy. Social Policy and Missionary Organisations in Ceylon, 1840-1855 (1965) Pt.2, Ch.5, pp186-205. London, Longmans (for the Royal Commonwealth Society), 1965. viii, [2], 318 p., map. (Imperial Studies Series; ed. by Gerald S Graham- No.26). The influence of Christian Missionaries on Imperial policy. Little attention was paid to major social problems, but their main concerns were proselytization, education and severance of the Govt. connections with Buddhism. The ways in which this influence was exercised, are closely examined.

De Silva, G. N. Socio Economic Survey of Fisher Families, 1958-59, Bull.Fish.Res.Stn.Cey. 17(1) June 1964:1-44.

De Silva, K. M. 1973 “The Reform and Nationalist Movements in the Early Twentieth Century,” in History of Ceylon. Volume 3, ed. by K. M. de Silva, for the University of Ceylon Press Board , pp. 381-407.

De Silva, K. M. 1981 A History of Sri Lanka, Delhi: Oxford University Press.

De Silva, Mervin 1967 “1956: The Cultural Revolution that shook the Left,” Ceylon Observer, Magazine Edition, 16 May 1967.

De Silva, P.L. (1992). The growth of Tamil paramilitary nationalism: Sinhala chauvinism and Tamil responses In: S. Gamage and I.B. Watson, eds., Conflict and community in contemporary Sri Lanka: pearl of the east’ or the island of tears’? London: Sage Publications, pp.89-107.

De Silva S B D, 1982, The Political Economy of Under development, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

De Silva, W. Arthur. A Contribution to The Study of the Economic and Social Organisation in Ceylon in Early Times. JRASCB 31(81) 1928: 62-76 +Life, Customs and Institutions of the Sinhalese derived from narratives and stories in Saddharmalankaraya – 14^th C.

De Soysa, A. H. T. Ancient Kaurawa Flags: With Apologies to a Certain “Note” to Rebut Ignorant Calumnies and in the Interest of Ceylon History. Colombo, Ceylon Examiner Press, 1931, 8p.

De Soysa, Walter. The Insignia of Kuruvanse and Kauravavanse. A Review of advocate Perera’s Flag Book (1921), by Walter de Soysa, a Kshtriyan of the Warusay – Welupulla – Sannadige Clan of the Kuruvanse. Moratuwa, Moratuwa Walauwa. 1921. [6]. 12p., front.

A blue blooded Kuru of historic birth defends the position of his caste against the supposed calumnies in E W Perera’s Sinhalese Banners and Standards (1916). A vigorous and hard-hitting polemic.

Dearman, Louise, The Saga of the Ceylon Dhoby. C. Cause. 23(6) Nov. 1956: 5-7, 14. The Radda or Washerman Caste.

Devendra, Don Titus. A Mirror of Ancient Ceylon. Buddhist Vesak No. 1960: 31-36. + Social conditions as revealed in the Sihalavatthuppakaranam and the Sahassavatthuppakaranam  – two ancient Pali texts.

Dewaraja, Lorna, Srimathie. A Study of the Political, Administrative and Social Structure of the Kandyan Kingdom of Ceylon, 1707-1760. Colombo, Lake House Investments Ltd.,1972.[12], 245p., 2fold. pl. 2 fold. pl.2 tables, end-paper maps.

An essay on the domestic history of the last independent kingship in Ceylon in a period of troubled politics and economic decline in the 18^th century, with special references to the structure and functioning of the state mechanism. Indigenous as well as the Dutch and British, sources have been used for the appraisal. Fills a gap in historical and critical examination of an important period in mediaeval Sinhalese history.

Dharmadasa, K. N. O. 1992 Language, Religion and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka , Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Dharmapala, Anagarika 1965 Return to Righteousness, ed. by A. Guruge, Colombo: Ministry of Education & Cultural Affairs.

Dharmaratna, G.A. The Kara-Goi Contest with an Appeal to the House of Commons. Colombo, Independent Press Printers, [1890]. viii, 91 p.

Dirks, Nicholas B, 1997, “The Invention of Caste: Civil Society in Colonial India” in: H L Seneviratne (ed). Forging of Caste and and Community in India and Sri Lanka, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 120-136.

Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierachichus. The Caste System and its Implications; tr. By Mark Sainsburg. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970. xxi, 386p., maps, diagrs. (Nature of  Human Society Series). The supposed caste system of Ceylon , pp215, 216, 331 (Notes 108c & 108d). “Ceylon has all the characteristics of caste, excepts for its rigour, and for the crucial disjunction which I have insisted: the king there has remained the centre both of group religion…and of political and economic life” (p. 216)

Ellawala, Hemarama. Social Institutions in Ceylon from the 5^th c.B.C. to the 4^th  c. A D.  xi., 422 1. (Ph. D. thesis. London University 1962. Unpublished).

Endagama,P. (1977).  Traditional Rural Organizational Patterns of Sri Lanka with Special Reference to the Central Province, Proceedings of the National Symposium on Traditional Rural Culture of Sri Lanka, pp.17-38.

Fellenberg, Theodor Von. Social Relations in a Sinhalese Village. C.J.H. S.S. 8 (1 and 2) Jan. – Dec. 1965: 119-129

Ferguson, John. Caste in Ceylon. Ceylon in the Jubilee Year (1887). Appendix IV, p. 251; XVIII, pp.367-380 (see No. 97(b)). Contains portions from “A Review of the Niganduwa and the Caste System of Ceylon” by D. S. Wickremesekera.

Fernando H. F. and Fernando F. A dip in to the Past or Matters of Historical Interests Relating to the Portion of the Singhalese Known as the Ka-urawa. Colombo, Times of Ceylon Co. Ltd. , 1920. [4] , 46 p.

Fernando, A. B.C History of the Kavuravas. Kurukshetra 1(1-2)1975: 3-11. Claims that the Karawa (or Kaurava) community in Sri Lanka is ultimately connected to the Kurus of India in Kurukshetra, and arrived in Ceylon in ancient times.

Frisch, J. (1971). A Formal Analysis of Sinhalese Kinship Terms. Anthropological Linguistics. 13(3), pp. 100-105.

Fuglernd, O., 1999, Life on the Outside: The Tamil Diaspora and the Long-Distance Nationalism, London, Pluto Press.

Gamage, S. (1999). Post-independent Political Conflicts in Sri Lanka: Elites, Ethnicity and Class Contradictions.”” In: S. Gamage and I.B. Watson, eds., Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka:  ‘Pearl of the East’ or the ‘Island of Tears’?. London: Sage Publications, pp. 325-355.

Gamburd, G.D. (2009). Discovering the Rights Model: An Analysis of Kinship and Caste in Rural Ceylon. Colombo: Social Scientist Association.

Gamburd, G.D. N. (1973). Kinship as a System of Rights: An Analytical Tool for Discovering Elementary Forms. Modern Ceylon Studies, 4(1-2) pp. 53-75.

Gamburd, G.D. N. (1975). Patrons and Profits: Hierarchy and Competition in Sri Lanka. In: H.E. Ulrich ed., Competition and modernization in South Asia. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, pp. 103-149.

Gamburd, Geraldine De Nering. The Seven Grandparents: Locality and Linearity in Sinhalese Kinship and Caste. 559 leaves. (Ph. D. thesis. Columbia University, New York, 1972. Unpublished typescript). Structure of village life in Ceylon today is viewed within the historical perspective of nine generations. The description begins with the microcosm, the locally cantered way of life and moves gradually from the spheres of kinship and intercaste to the largest sphere of the international market.

Gamburd, M R 2002, Transnationalism and Sri Lanka’s Housemaids: The Kitchen Spoon’s Handle, New Delhi: Saga.

Geiger, Wilhelm. Social Organisation and Caste System. Culture of Ceylon in Mediaeval Times Ed. by Heinz Bechert. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1960. Xxiii, 286p., map, 2 plans, diagr. +The description is based oninformation in the pali chronicles, chiefly the Mahavamsa.

Gilbert William H. The Sinhalese Caste System of Central and Southern Ceylon. J. Wash. Ac. Sc 35(3-4) March-Apr, 1945: 69-87, 105-125. (Appendix 1. Variants in Sinhalese Caste Names; Appendix 2. Glossary of Sinhalese Caste names; Appendix 3. Data derived from the Hue and Cry Reports (Jan 1905 – Dec 1907); Appendix 4. Sinhalese Caste Names; Appendix 5. Illustration of Sinhalese Caste in the Literature; Appendix 6. Literature Cited. Repr C.H.J. 2(3-4) Jan.-Apr. 1953: 295-366.

Gill Timothy, 2007, Making Things Worse: How ‘Caste Blindness’ in Indian Post-tsunami Disaster Recovery has Exacerbated Vulnerability and Exclusion. Netherlands: Dalit Network.

Gnanadass, Wilson 2008 “Last of the Tiger Leaders,” Sunday Times, 1 March 2009.

Gnanaprakasar, S. Fr. The Church and the Low Caste of North Ceylon. Aquinas 1, 1942: 53-57.  The influence of the Catholic Church in liberating slaves and eradicating the blight of untouchability in Jaffna.

Gnanaprakasar, Saminader Rev. The Origin of the Caste Among the Tamils. Trichinopoly, Indian Catholic Truth Society, 1920. 31p.

Godakumburua, Charles Edmund. “The Shooting of the Boar” and the Social Divisions of the Sinhalese. JRAS (GB and I) 1947: 161-165. Another aspect of the Kohomba Kankariya.

Gombrich, R. 1991, Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in Rural Highlands of Ceylon. Delhi: Motilal.

Gomes, A.P. The Kurukulams of Sri Lanka. Kurukshetra 2, 1976: 18-31.

Goonewardena, James. The Fisher Folk of South Ceylon C T. 5(9)1956: 22-25.

Green Thomas Leslie. Caste and the Schools: Practical Education in Ceylon. TES No. 1915, Jan 11, 1952:25.

Green, Lewis B. The Planter’s Book of Caste and Custom. 2^nd ed. Colombo, Times of Ceylon Co. Ltd., 1926. vii, [3] 69 p. A guide to the caste structure, etc. of Tamil estate labour. 1^st ed 1925.

Gunaratne, K.S. A Socio-Geographic Survey of Puliyadde, JNESC 7(4) Nov. 1958:12-29.

Gunasekara, U Alex. Observations on Intercaste Service Relations in Ceylon. S.Z. 30(2) 1965:297-303.

Gunasekara R K W 2001 Caste Discrimination: A Global Concern. (A Report by Human Rights Watch for the United Nations World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and related Tolerance. Durban, South Africa, September 2001.

Gunasekara R K W 2000 Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Indigenous Peoples (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/16), Working paper on the topic of discrimination based on work and descent, submitted pursuant to Sub-CommissionResolution 2000/4.

Gunasinghe, N. ( 1996). Class, Caste, and the Political Process. In: S.Perera, ed., Newton Gunasinghe: Selected Essays.  Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.

Gunasinghe, N. (1975). On the Class Consciousness of the Agrarian Proletariat in Sri Lanka. In: T.S. Epstein and D. Jackson. eds., The paradox of poverty: socio-economic aspects of population growth. Delhi: Macmillan, pp.97-118.

Gunasinghe, N. (1996a). Caste, Kinship and Marriage in Ceylon and South India: a Critical Evaluation of Yalman’s Thesis. In: S.Perera, ed., Newton. Gunasinghe, selected essays.  Colombo: Social Scientists Association. pp. 161-170.

Gunasinghe, N. (2007). Changing Socio-economic Relations in the Kandyan Countryside. Colombo: Social Scientists Association.

Gunawardena, R.A.L.H.  (1979). The People of the Lion: The Sinhala Identity and Ideology in History and Historiography,” Sri Lanka Journal of Humanities 5 (1 and 2),  pp. 1-36.

Gunawardena, R.A.L.H. (1984) .The People of the Lion: Sinhala Consciousness in History and Historiography.  In: Ethnicity and social change in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association, pp. 1-53.

Gunawardena, W.F. Gate Mudaliyar. Ceylon Council Reform and Minorities. Kurukshetra. (Colombo). 1(1&2), 1975:46-65. A reproduction of a pamphlet first published in 1922, referring to minority fears arising from cast and religious prejudices in the period of elections to the legislative council in 1921. The author castigates the authorities for permitting the social and religious life of the Sinhalese to be influenced by the dominance of the Goigama caste in the realm of political and religious temporalities. Makes a strong plea for caste representation in the Council as a solution or a corrective to the prevailing dissatisfaction of other castes, numerically inferior to Govi-kula.

 

Haimendorf, C.V.F. (1978) Caste and Kin in Nepal, India and Ceylon. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Hayley, Frederick Austin, A Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Sinhalese, including the portions still surviving under the name of Kandyan Law; with appendices containing Simon Sawer’s Memoranda. Notes of early decisions, examples of deeds etc. Colombo, H W Cave, 1923.

Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar 1992 “Arumukar Navalar: Religious Reformer or National Leader of Eelam?” Indian Economic and Social History Review 26: 235-57.

Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar 1993 “The Jaffna Social System: Continuity and Change under Conditions of War,” Internationales Asien Forum 25: 251-81.

Hewawasam, P.B.J., Paravi Sandeshaya and Contemporary Society. Pts. I and II. Aloysian 8(2) 1956-57: 176-181; 8(3) 1957-58: 352-363.

Hocart, Arthur Maurice. Caste, A Comparative Study. London, Methuen, 1950. xv, 157 p.

Hocart, Arthur Maurice. The Basis of Caste. Acta Or. 14, 1936: 203-223. Discussion of the Caste Hierarchy in Ceylon and Origins.

Hocart, Authur Maurice The Progress of Man: A Short Survey of His Evolution, His Customs and His Works. London, Methuen, 1933. xvi, 316p.  + Statements about Ceylon are based on author’s observations.

Hocart, Authur Maurice. Social Origins. London, Watts, 1954. ix, 153 p. + Many Ceylon References.

Hoole Ranjan, et., 1990 , The Broken Palmirah: The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka, Claremont: Sri Lanka Studies Institute.

Hoole, S. R. (1997). The Exile Returned: A Self-portrait of the Tamil Vellalahs of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Colombo: Aruvi Publishers.

Horowitz, Donald L. 1980 Coup Theories and Officers’ Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

House.Velluppillai, A. (1990). Religions in Yalppanam up to the Thirteenth Century. Lanka,     pp.10-42.

Hullop, O., 1993, “Caste Identity and Cultural Continuity Among Tamil Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka”, Journal of Asian and African Studies 28 (1&2): pp.67-87.

Hullop, O., 1994, “Bonded Labour: Caste and Cultural Identity Among Tamil Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka”, New Delhi: Sterling Publications.

Holly P. Caste. Buddhist 1(38) 1888-89: 297-299.

Hussaein, A. (2013). Caste in Sri Lanka: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Battaramulla: Neptune Publications.

Hutton. J.H. (1946). Caste in India: its Nature Functions and Origins. London: Cambridge University Press.

Ithihasamulochchediniya by Wanigasekera (pseud.). [A reply in prose and verse to the tracts by Veligama Sumangala and others on the origin of the Karave caste, with extracts from English and other authorities]. Colombo, 1885. 46p.

Ivan Victor, 1993, Prachandathwaya, Avihinsavaha Viplavaya, (in Sinhala) Colombo, Godage Brothers.

Jabbar, S. (2005). Does Caste Matter? A Study of Caste and Poverty in Sinhalese Society. Colombo: Center for Poverty Analysis.

Jiggins, Janice (1979). Caste and Family in the Politics of the Sinhalese 1947-1976.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jayamans D’Eypernon, Francis, S J Le Mysyere des Rodiyas, Louvain, Imprimerie St Alponse, [1945]. 32p.

Jayaraman, R. Caste and Kinship in a Ceylon Tea Estate, Economic Weekly (Bombay). 16, 22 Feb. 1964: 393,385,397.

Jayaraman, R. Caste, Kinship and Religion among the Tea Estate Labourers in Ceylon. 450 leaves, 8 illus. (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delhi, 1966/67 Unpublished typescript)

Jayaraman, Raja. Caste Continuities in Ceylon. A Study of the Social Structure of Three Plantations. Bombay, Popular Prakashan, 1975. viii, [1], 240p., 4 maps, 27 tables, 6 diagrs. 6038 Based on intensive fieldwork in Sri Lanka in 1959-60, the work of this Indian sociologist reveals how far migration has modified social institutions such as caste, kinship, and religion among Indian tea plantation workers, and the nature and extent of change in social structure and culture, Factors related to the pattern of emigration contributing to caste restrictions and practices are examined, and the importance of the recruitment system in this connection. Caste as an organizing principle of plantation social life seems to have survived, and this is closely linked to the survival of family and kinship ties and Hinduism among the Indians. The political and economic discriminations affecting them were also instrumental in maintaining their isolation and separate identity from the rest of the society. There are ten appendices.

Jayatilleke, K. N. The Practical Policy of Buddhism Towards Racism and Caste. U. Buddh, Ann. 7, 1965-57: 7-15.

Jayawardena, Kumari. (1984). Some Aspects of Class and Ethnic Consciousness in Sri Lanka in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries. In: Ethnicity and Social Change in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association, pp. 74-92.

Jayawardena, Kumari 2001 Nobodies to Somebodies. The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka , New Delhi : Leftword Book.

Jayawickrama N. 1976, Human Rights in Sri Lanka, Colombo. Ministry of Justice.

Jayetileke, Frederick, Caste and Buddhism in Matara (Ceylon). C.C.C.J 1 (1) Oct. 1915: 21-22; 1(2) Jan. 1916: 37-38; 1(3)Apr. 1916: 48-49; 1(4)July 1916: 65-66.

Jayetileke, Frederick. Matara in Lighter Vein. (Being a collection of desultory writings originally contributed as special articles to certain local papers and periodicals). Matara, “Sridhara press”, printers, 1908. [10], 288p.  – 5739a Vignettes of rural life in the deep south of Ceylon where traditional social organization was more firmly rooted than in most other parts.

Jegasothy, George S. “Caste in Ceylon,” Rel.Soc.Iss. 2(4) Dec. 1968: 1-7. Largely a survey of caste structures in the Sinhalese system.

Jeyaraj, D. B. S. 1997 “Pottu Amman in Jaffna,” Frontline, vol. 114/25, 17 Dec. 1997.

Jeyaraj, D. B. S. 2004 “The Conflicts Within,” Frontline, Vol. 21/7, 27 March 2004.

Jeyaraj, D. B. S. 2006 “No Public Speech Ceremony for LTTE Chief This Year?” 26 November 2006, http://transcurrents.com/tamiana/archives/234.

Jiggins, Janice 1979 Caste and Family in the Politics of the Sinhalese, Cambridge University Press.

Jiggins, Janice. Caste, Social Mobility and Development. Satyodaya No.10, Dec 1973:4-6. A discussion of the continued insistence on the exclusivity of caste groupings, which has seriously hindered and distorted economic development and social interaction.

Jiggins, Janice. Family and Caste in the Politics of the Sinhalese 1947-1971 [8] 292 leaves, 10 charts (some fold), 31 tables, (Ph. D. theses. Univ. of Ceylon, Peradeniya, 1974. Unpublished typescript). The author seeks to trace the reaction of traditional elements in Sinhalese society on the political decision-making process and its functioning on Wesminister parliamentary model lines, and, further, to evaluate the modifications that system has undergone under the pressure of the tensions and competing claims of cast and family structures and loyalties. The oligarchic tendencies arising from the persistence of feudal cast and family relationships are examined with a view to appraising the true nature of political power in Ceylon. The shifting tides in the political experience of the last twenty-five years are described mainly in terms of the manipulation of caste and kinship allegiances. Much of the information assembled for this purpose has been collected through personal fieldwork and pilot-studies in selected areas of the country. The resulting isolation of caste and family compacts, to the virtual exclusion of the far more significant ideological patterns, and substantially greater motivating factors of an extra-traditional nature stemming from the polarization of the party system, tend to overplay, out of all reasonable proportion, the still important role of these forces in the political and administrative network of the island. The data is impressive but the perspective and analysis need correction at many levels.

Jinendradasa, J. N. The Social Conditions of the People of Ceylon. E.S.C.B. No.3, Dec 1935: 97-111.

Johnston, Alexander Sir. A Concise History of the Chalias of Ceylon. C. J. No.63, Aug. 15 1832: 358. Repr. : M.L.R.C. 4(11) Nov. 1896: 242-243.

Johnston, Alexander Sir. Account of A Flag Representing the Introduction of the Caste of Chalias or Cinnamon Peelers into Ceylon. Tr. R.A.S. (G.B. and I.) 3, 1835: 332-334. Repr. M.L.R.C. 2(5) May 1894: 99-100; Repr. “The Dutch Parish Registers (School Thombos) of Ceylon”…ed. By E. Reimers. (1950). Appendix III. pp. 39-40, pl. A facsimile painting on cloth of the original flag (circa. 13^th c. A.D.) presented to the Royal Asiatic Society (Great Britain and Ireland) by Sir Alexander Johnston in 1827.

Joinville, Joseph Eudel in de. As. Res. 7 , 1803: 397-444 Abridgment of the History of the Chalias, by Adrian Rajia Pakse, a chief of that caste, 438-444. Jonville or Joinville was a French man who came out with North as first clerk for Native History and Agriculture in 1798. He occupied many different posts subsequently., including that of Superintendent of Cinnamon Plantations.

Kadarmer, D.W.N. The Kammalans of Batticaloa. Landmarks of Ancient Batticaloa (1934). pp. 3-6. Batticaloa, Catholic Orphanag, Press, Printers, 1934. [6], 24p.

Kannangara, A.P. (1988). The Caste Problem and the Study of the Modern Period of Sri Lanka History.  Social Science Review, 4,  pp.135-149

Kannangara A P 1993, “The Rhetoric of Caste Status in Modern Sri Lanka” in: Peter Robb (ed.), Society and Ideology: Essays in South Asian History, pp.111-141.

Karunatilake, W S. A Phonological Sketch of Ceylon Gypsy-Telegu. A.L. 16(8) Nov. 1974: 420-424. Presents a brief descriptive analysis of the phonemic system of Ceylon Gypsy-Telugu used by a group of semi nomadic people. The paper is based completely on the information elicited from R.Ramasami, a Gypsy aged 50 years. The Gypsy variety of Telugu is used when communicating among themselves, whereas Sinhalese and Tamil are used by these people when conversing with Sinhalese and tamils respectively.

Kathiravelu, V. Pundith. Christians and the Caste Discrimination in the North. Rel. Soc. Iss. 2(4) Dec. 1968:17-23

Kuganathan, P. (2014). Social Stratification in Jaffna: A Survey of Recent Research on Caste. Sociology Compass, 8(1), pp. 78-88.

Kulasekera K M P, 1984, “The Caste System and the British Administration in the Kandyan Provinces of Sri Lanka,” Kalyani, 3-4, 1984: pp205:230.

Kurukshetra. Vol.3 1977 (Special Number). Caste Papers-Karave. Colombo, Sri Lanka-Indo Studies, [1978]. [2]. 112p., 1 pl. -6040 Contains a preface, introduction and epilogue by F.B. Jagath Wijayanayaka, extracts from H.C.P Bell’s caste papers in the National Museum Library, and other supplementary reproductions of literature related to the Karave Caste. The author suggests that Bell interested himself in this issue, current at the time, and that he was a member of a Commission of three members appointed to report on the caste question in the late 1880s.

Law, Bimala Churn. Caste at the Time of the Buddha. Buddhist 18(7) Nov. 1947:94-96, 99

Law, Bimala Churn. Professions and Occupations in Buddha’s Time. J.R.A.S.C.B. n.s. 1(Centenary Volume 1845-1945), 1950: 36-50.

Leach, E.R. (1959). Hydraulic Society in Ceylon. Past and Present.     15 (1), pp. 2-26.

Leach, Edmund Ronald, editor, Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan. Cambridge University Press, 1960. viii, 148p., 4 maps, 5 diagrs. (Cambridge papers in Social Anthropology – 2). Introduction. “What Should We Mean By Caste?”, by E R Leach, pp.1-10.

Leach, E.R. (1961). Pul Eliya: A Village in Ceylon. Cambridge University Press(1961), 1961 xiv, [2] 343p.

Leach, E.R. (1973).  Complimentary Filiation and Bilateral Kinship. In: J.Goody, ed.,  The character of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 53-58.

Leach, E.R. (ed.). (1979). Aspects of caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan. 2nd Impression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leach, Edumund Roland. The Sinhalese of the Dry Zone of Northern Ceylon. in: Social Structure of South East Asia; ed. by George Peter Murdock, London, Tavistock Publications, 1960. Ch. 7 pp. 116-126.

Lewis, J.P. (1884). Tamil Customs and Ceremonies Connected with Paddy Cultivation in the Jaffna Districts.Jounal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 8(29), pp. 386-397.

Lewis, John Penry. [The Nalava Caste of Jaffna]. Orientalist, 3, 1888-89: 38-39

Lewis, John Penry. Some Caste Observances of the Sinhalese,”C.A.L .R. 3(2) Oct. 1917: 139.

List of Castes in Force among the Tamils (according to Simon Casie Chitty). Report of the Special Committee on Hindu Temporalities (1951). (Sessional Paper 5-1951).  Appendix J, pp. 661-662.

List of Castes. Niti Nighanduva… tr. By C.J.R. Le Mesurier and T.B. Panabokke (1880), pp.5-7.

Liyanagamage, A. (1982). The Influence of Caste on The Buddhist Sangha in Ancient and Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka. Kelani Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya. 1(1 & 2), pp. 48-83.

Mahawalathenne,S.D. (1913).  The Mahawalathenne family of the Sabaragamuwa province:services and ancestral claims. Colombo: Apothecaries Co. Ltd.

Mahroof, M. M. M. (2000). A Conspectus of Tamil Caste Systems in Sri Lanka: Away from a Parataxis. Social Scientist, 28 (11/12), pp.40–50.

Malalgoda, Kitsiri 1973 “The Buddhist-Christian Confrontation in Ceylon ,” Social Compass 20: 171-200.

Malalgoda, Kitsiri 1976 Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750-1900, Berkeley: Uni of California Press.

Manakulasooriya, R.C. de Silva. Dr. M.D. Raghavan. Kurukshetra 2, 1976: 68-70. A tribute to the ethnologist who died on 8 June 1976 at the age 85. His monograph on The Karava of Ceylon: Society and Culture (1961) is the chief focus of attention, and pp. 71-86 carry a selection of reviews and letters on it.

Marriott, M. and Inden, R. (1977). Toward an ethno-sociology of South Asian caste systems. In: K. David, ed., The new wind: changing identities in South Asia. The Hague: The Mountain Publishers, pp. 227-236.

Marshall, Henry. Character, Habits and Customs of the Kandyans – food, clothing, dwelling, occupations, population of the country of the Vaddhas. Notes on the Medical Topography of the Interior of Ceylon (1821). Pt.1, Ch.2, pp. 19-38.

Marshall, Henry. Notes on the Medical Topography of the Interior of Ceylon; and on the Health of the Troops employed in the Kandyan Provinces, During the Years `1815, 1816, 1817,1818, 1819 and 1820: with Brief Remarks on the Prevailing Diseases. London. Printed for Burgess and Hill; Hodges and M’Arthur; Edinburgh, Adam Black, 1821. xi, 228p., tables. Pt 1: On the Medical Topography of the interior of Ceylon, pp. 137-215; Appendix, pp. 217-228.

Marshall, Henry. Character, Habits and Customs. Kandy and the Kandyans. Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon., ed. by Arnold Wright. (1907). pp. 293-296.

Mc Gilvray, D.B, (ed.). (1982). Caste Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mc Gilvray,D. B. (1982). Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka In: D.B. McGilvray .ed., Caste Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34-97.

McGilvray, D. B. (1973). Caste and Matriclan Structure in Eastern Sri Lanka: A Preliminary Report on Fieldwork in Akkaraipattu. Modern Ceylon Studies, 4(1-2).

McGilvray, D. B. (1974). Tamils and Moors: Caste and Matriclan Structure in Eastern Sri Lanka. Ph.D. University of Chicago.

McGilvray, D. B. (1976). Caste and Matri-kinship and Bodily Substance in Eastern Sri Lanka: Paper Presented to the Fifth European Conference on Modern South Asia Studies, pp. 286-299.

McGilvray Dennis, 1983, “Paraiyar Drummer of Sri Lanka: Consensus and Constraint in an Untouchable Caste”, American Ethnologist10 (1): pp.97-115.

McGilvray, D.B.(1989). Households in Akkaraipattu: Dowry and Domestic Organization Among the Matrilineal Tamils and Moors of Sri Lanka. In: J.N. Gray and D.J. Mearns. eds., Society from the Inside out: Anthropological Perspectives on the South Asian Household. New Delhi: Newbury Park Sage Publications. pp. 192-235.

McGilvray, Dennis Beaton. Caste and Matriclan Structure in Eastern Sri Lanka: A Preliminary Report on Fieldwork in Akkaraipattu, Mod. Cey, St. 4(1-2)1973: 5-20, table. Describes in detail the structure of matriclans (Ku Ti or Kuttiram) in the context of the larger social groupings of caste and community as found in the town of Akkaraipattu in the Southern part of the Batticaloa region. As the writer is concerned to demonstrate that the Kuti is something new in the literature, his description moves in the comparative mode.

McGilvray, Dennis Beaton. Caste, Matri-Kinship and Bodily Substance in Eastern Sri Lanka. Papers presented to the fifth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Leiden, July 1976. pp. 286-299.

McGilvray, Dennis Beaton. Tamils and Moors: Caste and Matriclan Structure in Eastern Sri Lanka, xiii, 329 leaves, 62 tables, 13 diages., (incl. maps). (Ph.D. thesis. University of Chicago, 1974. Unpublished typescript.) A great amount of detailed information regarding each of the major social groups constituting the society of Akaraipattu, a town on the east coast of Ceylon: Tamil castes and priestly groups, the Moorish majority community, and the Moorish religious and occupational specialists. The basic kinds of regularities and patterns in caste and matriclan systems as detected in the data are established, and new ways of viewing the data more fruitfully are suggested.

Meigs, B.C., Poor, D. and Howland, W.W. (1853). Caste, in the Island of Ceylon. Boston: Press of T.-Marvin.

Modder, Frank H. Certain Kandyan Institutions and Customs. The Principles of  Kandyan Law. 2^nd ed.in collaboration with Earle Modder. London, Stevens and Haynes; Stevens and Sons Ltd., Kurunagala (Ceylon) , American Ceylon Mission Press, (Printers), 1914. Ixxxii, [2], 640, Ixxxiii -civil p., front. (fold map).  Introduction. (1) The Kandyan Convention, pp. vii-x; (2) Some Striking Characteristics of the Kandyans. pp x-xxi; (3) Certain Kandyan Institutions and Customs, pp. xxi-xI;  (4) The riters on Kandyan Law,  pp. xI-Ix.

Modder, Frank H. Kandy and the Kandyans. Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon. ed. by Arnold Wright. (1907). pp. 293-296.

Molligoda, J. R. Caste and Class in Ceylon C.N.R. 3(9) March 1910:116-125.

Moore Mick, 1985, The State and Peasant Politics in Sri Lanka, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34-97.

Moore Mick, 1993, “Thoroughly Modern Revolutionaries: The JVP in Sri Lanka” Modern Asian Studies, 27 (3): pp.593-642.

Murdoch, John. Caste: Its Supposed Origin; Its History; Its Effects; the Duty of the Government, Hindus and Christians with Respect to it, and Its Prospects. 2^nd ed. Madras Christian Vernacular Education Society, 1890. 62 p.

Murdock, George Peter. World Ethnographic Sample. Am. Anthr. 59(4) Aug 1957: 664-687.  A classification of Sinhalese Kandyan and Vedda culture according to certain standard geographic categories, p.680.

Muthulingam,S. (1996). Unwritten History,  Kandy: ISD.

Narayan Swamy, M. R. 1994. Tigers of Sri Lanka , Delhi : Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd.

Neelson, J.  P. (ed.) (1991). Gender, Caste and Power in South Asia: Social Status and Mobility in a Transitional Society. New Delhi : Manohar.

Nesiah, D. ( 2001). Tamil Nationalism. Colombo: Marga Institute.

Nevill, Huge translator. The Janawasa of Maha Thera Sri Buddha-Rakhita. (c. 15^th c. A.D.). Taprobanian 1(3) Feb. 1886: 74-93; 1(4) Apr. 1886 103-114. A storehouse of obsolete names and otherwise lost information in the origin of the Sinhalese races, and the detailed account of the castes, or classes of men in Ceylon. Translated from a copy of the ms. obtained by the translator with parts in précis.

New Lanka and the Caste Problem. N. M. C. 3(1)Jan. 1914:21-27; 3(4) April 1914:91.

Nicholas, Cyril Wace. Professions and Occupations in Early Sinhalese Kingdom.  J. R.A.S.C.B.  n.s. 5(1) 1957: 68-84.

Nissan, Elizabeth & R. L. Stirrat 1990 “The Generation of Communal Identities,” in J. Spencer (ed.) Sri Lanka. History and the Roots of Conflict, London : Rutledge, pp. 19-44.

Nithiyanandan, V. (1987). An Analysis of Economic Factors Behind the Origin and Development of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka in: C. Abeyesekara  and N.Gunasinghe, (eds.). The Facets of Ethnicity in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.

NYROP, Richard F. & others. Social Structure – The Nature of Caste. Area Handbook for Ceylon (1971). Ch. 6, pp. 97-114.

Obesekara, M. (2007). Sri Lankave Deshapalanaya saha Kula Abhiyoga. Ja – Ella: Samanthi Publication.

Obeyesekere, T.N. Caste and Buddhism. N.M.C. 5(3) Jan. 1918: 51-52.

Obeyesekere, T.N. Caste, Dying or Dormant? N.M.C. 5(2) Dec. 1917: 33-34. Repr. : Buddhist 4(6) 9 Feb 1918: 6.

O’Hanlon. R. (1985). Caste, Conflict and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Omvedt, Gail, 1978, “Towards a Marxist Analysis of Caste: A Response to T B Ranative”, Social Scientist 6(11): 70-765.

Orans, Martin. From Hindukkush to Sri Lanka and the State of the Arts. Am. Anthr. 79(3) Sept. 1977: 630-637. A critical consideration at length of Kenneth David’s “And Never the Twain Shall Meet” is found on pp.635-637.

Paranavitana Senarat. Professions and Trades. Inscriptions of Ceylon. Vol.1. Containing Cave Inscriptions in the early Brahmi script, from 3^rd c. B.C. to 1 c.A.D…  Introduction. IV. Historical. 13. pp.xcv-xcviii. Colombo, Dept. of Archeology, Ceylon, 1970, [4], xi, cxxix. 136p., 130pl. (of inscriptions), 1pl., fold, map, fold, chart. (Archaeological Survey of Ceylon). This is the long-awaited first volume of a projected Corpus of Ceylon Inscriptions to be completed in six volumes up to the end of the Kotte period. This volume contains all the earlier forms of the Brahmin script, which, with the exception of 41, are found in caves. It also includes the cave inscription from the later form of the same script. In all, the texts and translations of 1276 inscriptions are given. These records are of great assistance for the study of the political, social, economic and religious organisation in early Sinhalese kingdom. The main body of the work is preceded by an introduction. (i-cxxxix) dealing at length with the sites of the inscriptions, palaeography, grammar and historical data. A glossary in which every word occurring in the inscription is explained, and the subject index follow the main section. A monumental and meticulous work of mature scholarship which will remain as one of the enduring achievements to the credit of the author, who died October 1972. The material for the second volume had been far advanced in preparation.

Paranavitana, Senarat. Glimpses of the Political and Social Conditions of Mediaeval Ceylon. Sir Paul Pieris Felicitation Volume (1956) pp.69-74.  .

Paranavitana, Senarat. Trades and Professions (in the early Anuradhapura period). U.C.H.C 1(1) 1959, Bk. 2, Ch.8, E, pp.235-238.

Parker, H. (1910). Village Folk Tales of Ceylon vol. ii. Dehiwela: Tisara Prakasakayo.

Parakrama, Arjuna, 1998, Identity in Crisis or Crisis as Identity: Notes from the Margins of This War, Newton Gunasinghe Memorial Lecture.

Peebles Patrick, 2001, The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon, Leicester University Press: London.

Peiris Ralph. A Sociologist’s Reflections on an Anthropological Case Study. CJHSS 3 (2) July-Dec. 1960: 144-156. + A Critical Analysis of Leach’s “Pul Eliya: A Village in Ceylon”. Cambridge University Press(1961), 1961 xiv, [2] 343p.

Peiris Ralph. Sinahalese Social Organisation: The Kandyan Period. Peradeniya, Ceylon University press Board, 1956. X, [7], 4-311p., Illus., tables, msp. The first comprehensive account of Sinhalese society in the Kandyan period, i.e., in the three centuries prior to the British occupation of the interior of Ceylon. Analyses a social order in which the village community, the village council, caste and polyandry were living institutions The study is based on a wide range of historical data.

Peiris, Ralph. Caste, Ethos and Social Equilibrium. J. Social. F. 30(4) 1952:409-415

Peiris, Ralph. Social Stratification. Sinhalese Social Organisation. (1956). Pt. 5, pp. 169-194 (1. “The Caste System” pp. 169-179; 2. The Secularisation of Caste, pp. 180-187).

Pemberton, K. and Nijhawan, M. (2009). Sacred Idioms, Sacred Symbols and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia. London: Rutledge.

Perera L.P.N. The Buddha’s Approach to Caste. C.D.N. Vesak No. 1953:45-47.

Perera, Arthur Augustus.  Sinhalese Folklore Notes. Bombay, British India Press, 1917. [6], 55, xxiv p. + Amplified and rearranged collection of articles first contributed to           “Indian Antiquary” as “Glimpses of Sinhalese Social Life”.

Perera, Arthur Augustus. Glimpses of Sinhalese Social Life. Pts. 1-10. I. A. (1) Domestic  Ceremonies. 31, Sept. 1902: 378-382; (2) Festivals. 32,  July 1903: 308-311; (3) The Village 32,  Aug, 1903: 336-311; (4) Religious rites, 32 Aug. 1903: 339-342; (5) Custom and Belief, 32, Nov. 1903: 423-437; (6) Black and White Magic, 33, Feb 1904: 56-61; (7) Relationships and rites of  property. 33, May 1904: 145-147; (9) Amusements and Pleasures, 33, Aug. 1904: 207-210; (10) Folk Tales and Legends, 33, Sept. 1904: 229-236.

Perera, J.B.(ed.)  (1972). Niti Ratnavali. Galla: DGS Gunaratna.

Perera, J.W. Caste and Class: The Aristocracy of the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon; by J.W.P.  Colombo, Industrial Press, 1887. 16p.

Perinbanayagam Robert S. Caste, Religion and Rituals in Ceylon. Anthropological Quarterly (Catholic University of America, Washington , U.S.A. ) 38, Oct. 1965: 218-227.

Pertold, Otakar. Can We Trace any Remains of the Indian Trading Caste among the Sinhalese of Ceylon. Arch. Or. 7(3) Oct. 1935: 418-422.

Pfaffenberger, B. (1981). The Cultural Dimension of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka. Journal of Asian Survey, 21(11), pp. 1145-57.

Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 1990, “The Political Construction of Defensive Nationalism: The 1968 Temple-entry Crisis in Northern Sri Lanka”, Journal of Asian Studies 49 (1): pp. 78-95.

Pfaffenberger, B. (1994).  Introduction In:  C. Manokaran and B. Pfaffenberger, eds., The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity. Boulder, CO: West view.

Pfaffenberger, B. Caste in Tamil Culture. The Religious Foundations of Sudra Domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1982.

Pfaffenberger, Bryan 1994 “The Political Construction of Defensive Nationalism,” in C. Manogaran & B. Pfaffenberger (eds.) The Sri Lankan Tamils, Boulder : Westview Press, pp. 143-68.

Pfaffernberger, B. (1948). Caste in Tamil Culture: the Religious Foundations of Sudra Domination in Tamil, Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing.

Phadnis, Urmila. Changing Social Structure in Ceylon. Report submitted to UNESCO Research Centre, Delhi, 1965. (Mimeographed text) An attempt to underline the factors of continuity and change in Ceylonese social structure.

Pieris, R. (1956). Sinhalese Social Organization: The Kandyan Period.  Colombo: Ceylon University Press.

Pridham, Charles. Castes. An Historical, Political and Statistical Account of Ceylon…(1849). Vol. I, Pt.2, Ch.3, pp.234-244

Ragavan, 2009b “Prabhakaran’s Timekeeping. Memories of a Much-Mythologised Rebel Leader by a Former LTTE Fighter,” Sunday Leader, 24 May 2009.

Raghavan M.D. Caste in the Sinhalese Social System. India in Ceylonese History, Society and Culture. 2^nd rev. ed. (1969). Ch. 3 pp.24-32. See no. 18

Raghavan, M.D. (1971). Tamil Culture in Ceylon. Colombo: ‘Shantham’ Kalai Nilayam Limited.

Raghavan, M. D. Jaffna Laws and Customs. India in Ceylonese History, Society and Culture. 2^nd rev. ed. (1969). Ch. 16, pp.174-181, see No. 18.

Raghavan, M. D. (1961) The Karava of Ceylon: Society and Culture. Colombo: K.V.G. de Silva & Sons. xxi, 216p., 20 pl. (9 col.). The first full-length study of a social group of considerable political and numerical importance, a major caste of a remarkable vigour and versatility and a trading community of great wealth and enterprise. The approach is largely historical.

Raghavan, M.D.  Sinhalese Social System: A Sociological Review. S.Z. 27(1) Oct. 1953: 195-211. (Ethnological Survey of Ceylon-No. 8).

Raghavan, M.D. (1957). Handsome Beggers: The Rodiya of Ceylon. Colombo: Government Press.

Raghavan, M.D. Sinhalese Culture. N.L. 1(1) Oct. 1949: 77-86.

Raghavan, M.D. The Ceylon Peasant and His Traditional Culture C.T.  5(11) 1956: 6-12 Raghavan, M.D. The Karava of Ceylon: Society and Culture. Colombo, K V G de Silva and ons, 1961. xxi, 216p., 20 pl. (9 col.). The first full-length study of a social group of considerable political and numerical importance, a major caste of remarkable vigor and versatility and a trading community of great wealth and enterprise. The approach is largely historical.

Raghavan, M.D. The Malabar Inhabitants of Jaffna: A Study in the Sociology of Jaffna Peninsula. Sir Paul Pieris Felicitation Volume (1956), pp.114-131.

Raghavan, M.D. The Sociology of Jaffna – the Nalavar and the Koviar. T.C. 3 (2) Apr. 1954: 139-150, pl.

Ragupathy, P. (1987). Early settlements in Jaffna: An archaeological survey. Madras: Sudarsan Graphics.

Rahula Walpola Bhikkhu, The Sangha and the Institution of Caste. Buddhist 12(5) Sept. 1941: 90-91

Rahula, Walpola Thera. History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The Anuradhapura Period, 3^rd Century B.C – 10^th Century A.D. Colombo, M.D. Gunasena and Co. Ltd. 1956. xliii,  351 p.. 24 illus. 2 maps. An authoritative, well-documented and objective study of the establishment of Buddhism in Ceylon its adoption as the State religion and its development, the structure and administration of monasteries, and the activites of the monastic life. The social and economic background is considered all the time.

Rajapakse, Sampson. Mudaliyar. A Memoir with a Sketch of the Salagama Sinhalese their Chiefs and Clans. Colombo, H.W Cave, printer, 1912.147 p., front. port., fold. chart

Raman, S. (2009). Who are the Velalas? twentieth century constructions and contestations of Tamil identity in Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950). In: K. Pemberton and M. Nijhawan, eds., Shared Idioms, sacred symbols and the articulation of identities in South Asia, New York: Rutledge. pp. 78-95.

Rasanagaiam, D. M. n. d. Jaffna Tamils, Colombo: Kalai Nilayam Limited.

Rasanayakam, C. (1999). Ancient Jaffna. New Delhi: Asian Educational Service.

Rathnayake, A. M. R. W. S. B. (2000). Where Caste is an Economic Resource the Nature of Child Rights. Colombo: INASIA.

Ratnaike, Nalin R. Glimpses of the Social, Religious, Economic and Political Conditions of Ceylon from the Sandesas (Between 14^th – 16^th Centuries). 94 Leaves. (M.A. thesis. Univ. of Ceylon. 1944. Unpublished typescript).

Ratnaweera, A E Roberts. Ceylon and Her People: The Application of the Term Govi Aryan. 2(7) July 1910: 97-102

Ratnaweera, A E Roberts. The Bane of Caste: A Political Peril Aryan. 2(4) Apr. 1910: 49-51

Ratnaweera, A E Roberts. The Govi and Visvakarma Castes.  Aryan. 2(6) June 1910: 82-87.

Ratnaweera, A. E. Roberts. The Govi and Vellala Castes. Aryan. 2(8) Aug. 1910: 113-118.

Ratnaweera, A. E. Roberts. Visvakarma and His Descendants. Colombo, Ceylon Visvakarma Union, 1909 80p. History and origins of gold, silver, brass and iron smiths or artisan caste in Ceylon.

Ratnaweera, A. E. Roberts. We come to the Attack Again Aryan. 2(9) Sept 1910: 129-133.

Ravikumar, V. (2002). Caste of the Tiger: Dalits among Sri Lanka Tamils. The Island, [Online] p.12. Available at : http://origin.island.lk/2002/08/25/featur12.html [Accessed on 08 Mar. 2014].

Ravikumar, V 2005, Caste of the Tiger: Eelam and the Dalit Question (Unpublished Report)

Ravindran, V. (2004). Marxism, Nationalism and Tigerism: Interrogating the Historiography of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism. in: Conference on Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism at the International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo. 17-12-2004.

Rayan, B. (1953). Caste in modern Ceylon: Sinhalese System in Transition. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Reed, S.A.(2010). Dance and the Nation: Performance, Ritual, and Politics in Sri Lanka, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Reimers, Edmund. The Visvakarmans of Ceylon Kalamanjari 1(1) 1950-51: 38-40.

Report on Cinnamon. Extracted from the Dutch Records and tr. For the ‘Colombo Journal’ (Colombo, 25 February 1967). CJ  No. 133, Apr. 24, 1833: 121-213.  Contains a description of the Salagama caste and their services.

Roberts, Joseph Rev. editor. Caste in its Religion and Civil Character, Opposed to Christianity: being a series of documents…condemnatory of the observance of caste among the native Christians in India. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, vii, 48p.

Roberts, M.  (1973). Elite Formation and Elites 1832-1931. in: K.M. De Silva, ed., History of Ceylon, Vol. 3: Peradeniya University of Ceylon. pp. 263-284.

Roberts, M. (1974).  Problems of Social Stratification and the Demarcation of National and Local Elites in British Ceylon. The Journal of Asian Studies,  33 (4), pp.549-77

Roberts, M. (1979). Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka. Colombo: Marga Institute.

Roberts, M. (1995). Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: The Rise of a Karava elite in Sri Lanka, 1500-1931. New Delhi: Navrang.

Roberts, M. (1998). Collective Identities Revisited. Vol.1. Colombo: Marga Institute.

Roberts, M., Ismeth Raheem and Percy Colin-Thome 1989 People Inbetween. Vol. 1. The Burghers and the Middle Class in the Transformations within Sri Lanka , 1790s-1960s, Colombo: Sarvodaya Book Publishing Services.

Roberts, Michael 1974 “Problems of Social Stratification and the Demarcation of National and Local Elites in British Ceylon,” Journal of Asian Studies, 23: 549-77.

Roberts, Michael 1979 “Stimulants and Ingredients in the Awakening of Latter-day Nationalisms,” in M. Roberts (ed.) Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka , Colombo : Marga Publications, pp. 214-42.

Roberts, Michael 1981a The 1956 Generations: After and Before, G.C. Mendis Memorial Lecture for 1981, Colombo , Evangel Press.

Roberts, Michael 1982 Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: The Rise of a Karāva Elite in Sri Lanka , 1500-1931, Cambridge University Press.

Roberts, Michael 1983 “‘Our Duty to Act’: Brown Sahibs in Universal Suits”, South Asia , 6: 62-77.

Roberts, Michael 1989 “The Political Antecedents of the Revivalist Elite within the MEP Coalition of 1956,” in C. R. de Silva & Sirima Kiribamune (eds.) K. W. Goonewardena felicitation volume, Peradeniya University, pp. 185-220.

Roberts, Michael 1994a “The Imperialism of Silence Under the British Raj: Arresting the Drum,” in: Roberts, Exploring Confrontation. Sri Lanka: Politics, Culture and History, Reading : Harwood Academic Publishers, chap. 7.

Roberts, Michael 1994b “Mentalities: Ideologues, Assailants, Historians and the Pogrom against the Moors in 1915,” in Roberts, Exploring Confrontation. Sri Lanka: Politics, Culture and History, Reading : Harwood Academic Publishers, chap. 8 [reprinted under different title in Roberts, Confrontations, 2009].

Roberts, Michael 1997 “For Humanity. For the Sinhalese. Dharmapala as Bosat Crusader,” Journal of Asian Studies, 56: 1006-1032.

Roberts, Michael Webb. Fissures and Solidarities: Weaknesses Within the Working Class Movement in the Early Twentieth Century. Mod. Cey. St. 5(1)Jan. 1974: 1-31, 4 tables.

Roberts,M. (1974) Fissures and Solidarities: Weaknesses within the Working Class Movement in the Early Twentieth Century. Modern Ceylon Studies, Vol. 5(1), pp.01-31.

Roberts, Michael. 2005, “Saivite Symboles, Sacrifice and Tamil Tiger Rites”, Social Analysis 49 (1): pp. 67-93.

Rupasinghe, A. M. A Fair Statement of Facts, or Caste Impartially Considered. Colombo, “Independent” Press, nd. [1887?]. 16p. The first page of the text has “Plain” instead of “Fair” in the title.

Rupasinghe G, 2000 Livelyhood Development Among Potters in Rural Sri Lanka, Kandy : IDE, 2000 (unpublished report)

Ryan, Bryce Sinhalese Village; by Bryce Ryan, in collaboration with L D Jayasena and D C R Wickramasinghe. Coral Gables, Florida, Univ. of Miami press, 1958.x, 229 p., 12 illus., 2 maps A study of a village near Kalutara in the Western Province.

Ryan, Bryce. Caste in Modern Ceylon: The Sinhalese System in Transition. New Brunswick (N.J.), Rutgers Univ. press, 1953. ix, [3], 3-371 p., map. The contemporary Sinhalese caste system treated from both the historical and functional approaches. The analysis of caste roles and relationships in the village is supported by extensive caste materials. Caste phenomena as they are affected by urban environment and national life are also examined. The emergence of social classes in a society still based on castes also discussed.

Ryan, Bryce. Primary and Secondary Contacts in a Ceylonese Peasant Community. Rur. Sociol. 17(4) Dec 1952: 311-320

Ryan, Bryce. The Ceylonese Village and the New Value System. Rur. Sociol 17(1) Dec. 1952: 9-28.

Samaranayake, G. (1983). The Role of Caste in Youth Rebellion in Sri Lanka: 1979-1989. A paper read at the 4th Sri Lanka Studies Conference, Colombo: SLFI.

Schalk P 1992, “Birds of Independence or the Participation of Tamil Women in Armed Struggle”, Lanka, 7, pp. 44-148.

Schalk P 1997, Historicization of the Material Ideology of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)”, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 20, pp.1-38.

Scott, Andrew.  Buddhism, Racialism and Caste. W.B. Vesak Ann. 1969: 78-80; reprinted twice: Buddhist 41(3) July 1970: 87-88; Buddhist 43(1) May 1972: 98-99.

Selvadurai, A.J. (1973). Culture and Continuity: a Study of Kinship and Land Tenure in a Sinhalese Village. (Ph. D.Thesis) University of Washinton.

Selvadurai, A.J. (1976).  Kinship and Land Rights in the Context of Demographic Change. Contributions to Asian Studies, 9, pp.97.

Senaratne, Suranjith Prasadth Fernando. Status, Power and Resources: The Study of a Sinhalese Village. (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London, 1971. Unpublished typescript.)

Senevirathna, H.L. (1978). Rituals of the Kandyan state, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Senevirathna, H.L.(ed.). (1997). Identity, Consciousness and Past: Forging of Caste and Community in India and Sri Lanka. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Seneviratne H. L. The Story of Ditthamangalika, S.L.J. Hum. 2(2) Dec. 1976:115-119. “The aim of this paper is to examine an imaginative work of the Buddhists, a Jataka story, to show how it encapsulates the contradiction in South Asian Buddhist societies posed by the rejection of caste on religious grounds while accepting it as a principle of social organization.” The story is narrated at some length and the aspects of caste behaviour analysed.

Seneviratne, H. L. Caste. The Natural History of Buddhist Liturgy. , 413 leaves, 6 maps, 28pl. 7 illus (diagrs.), 1 table. (Ph. D thesis, University of Rochester, New York, 1972. Unpublished transcript). The work examines the organisation and function of the state rituals in the Kandyan kingdom of Ceylon, and the nature of their integration with Kandyan society. The persistence of some aspects of the rituals is considered problematic in view of the extinction of some other aspects of social structure in a drastically changed social environment, and an explanation is offered for such persistence and seeming continuity.  

Siddhartan M., 2003, “Negotiating Tamilness: A Case Study of Jaffna-Tamil Migrants to Colombo Since 1990” in Mayer, D. Rajasigham, Senanayake and Y. Thangarajah (eds.), Building Local Capacity for Peace: Rethinking Conflict and Development in Sri Lanka, Delhi: Macmillian, pp.305-320.

Silva, K. T. (2011). Globalisation, Marginality and Cultural Challenges of the  Rodiya Communities in Sri Lanka. in: Diminishing Cultures in South Asia, SAARC Culture vol. 2. Colombo: SAARC Cultural Centre.

Silva, K.T.  & Athukorala, K. (1991).  The Watta-dwellers: a sociological study of selected urban low-income communities in Sri Lanka. Langham: University Press of America.

Silva, K.T.  (1979). Welivita: The Demise of Kandyan Feudalism. in: B.E. Morrison, M. Moore and I. Lebbe, eds., The Disintegrating village, Colombo: Lake House, pp.47-70.

Silva, K.T. (1982). Caste, Class and Capital Transformation in Highland Sri Lanka. Ph.D. thesis, Melbourne: Monash University.

Silva, K.T. (1986).  Feudalism, Capitalism and the Dynamics of Social Change in a Kandyan Village, Modern Sri Lanka Studies 1(1), pp.43-64.

Silva, K.T. (1986).Feudalism, Capitalism and the Dynamics of Social Change in a Kandyan village. Modern Sri Lanka Studies.1 (1), pp. 43-64.

Silva, K.T. (1992).  Capitalist Development, Rural Politics and Agriculture in Highland Sri Lanka: Structural Change in a Low Caste Village. in: J. Brow and J. Weeramunda eds., Agrarian Change in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sage, pp. 63-94.

Silva, K.T. (1997).  Kulaya, Panthiya ha Venasvana Lanka Samajaya. (in Sinhala) Kandy: Praja Adhyapana Kavaya.

Silva, K.T. (1999). Caste, Ethnicity and Problems of National Identity in Sri Lanka. Sociological Bulletin 1999 48(1&2): 201-217 Reprinted in: S.L. Sharma and T.K. Oommen eds., Nation and National Identity in South Asia. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2000, pp. 201-216.

Silva, K.T. (2005). Kulaya, Panthiya and Lankawe Samaja Gatum, (in Sinhala). Boralasgamuwa: Visidunu Prakasakayo.

Silva, K.T. ,Thanges, P. and Sivapirakasam, S. (2009). Casteless or Caste Blind: Dynamics of Concealed Caste Discrimination and Social Exclusion and Protest in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Kumaran Book House.

Silva, K.T. and Thanges, P. (2009). Caste Discrimination and Social Justice in Sri Lanka: An Overview. Working Paper Series 3 (06). New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies.

Silva, K.T.(2006). Names, Identities and Distinctions in Sinhalese Society: Intergenerational Changes in Names of  Individuals in a Kandyan Village in: J. Holt and P.B. Meegaskumbura, eds., Identity and Difference: Essays in Society and Culture in Sri Lanka, Kandy: ISLE Program, pp. 49-80.

Silva, K.T.(2015). Caste, Craft and Traditional Knowledge in Sri Lanka.In: S. Garg, ed., Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions of South Asia. Colombo: SAARC Cultural Centre, pp. 248-257.

Silva, K.T., Wijekoon Banda, T.M. & Wickramasinghe W.M.K.B.(2016). Caste, Heritage and Hereditary Service Obligations. in: S. Garg, ed., SAARC Studies on Diminishing Cultures of South Asia, Vol. 3 . New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 1-86

Silva, K.T., Wijekoon Banda, T.M. and Wickramasinhe, W.M.K.B. (2014). Caste: A Hindrance to Promotion of Traditional Kandyan Arts and Craft . Colombo: SAARC Cultural Centre.

Silva, K.T.and Hettihewage, A. (2001). Poverty, Social Exclusion and Impact of Selected Legal Measures Against Caste Discrimination in South Asia.  in: P.Robson and A. Kjonstad, ed., Poverty and Law. London: Hart Publishing, pp. 59-72.

Singer, M.R. (1964).  Emerging Elite: A Study of Political Leadership in Ceylon. Cambridge: Mass: MIT Press.

Singhalese Castes; by a Lover of Civilization. C. J. No. 61, Aug. 8, 1832: 347.

Sinnatamby, V. Ponnamal or the Crumbling of the Caste System. Jaffna, Taiyal Nayaki printing works, 1931. 44p.

Sirisena, Piyadasa 1906 Vasanāvanta Vivāhaya hevat Jayatissa saha Rosalin, Colombo : ??, but reprinted by Gunasena & Co. in 1971.

Sirisena, Piyadasa 1954 Apate Vecca Dē, Colombo : Gunasena & Co. First edn. originally in 1909.

Sirisena, Piyadasa 1958 Sucaritādarsaya [An Exemplary Biography] Colombo : Gunasena (?).

Sirisena, Piyadasa 1982 Maha Viyavula, 9th edn., Colombo : Gunasena & Co. First edn. originally in 1916.

Siriweera, W. I. Land Tenure and Revenue in Mediaeval Ceylon (A.D 1000-1500) C.J.H.S.S. A closely argued and sustained examination of the problems of land tenure and revenue. A more multi-centered and complex pattern of relationships emerges in the study in contrast to the highly centralised, autocratic styles of previous writers. Land and rights accruing from land were shared by a wider number of individuals and institutions, and held under a wide variety of tenurial obligations. A multi-centred socio-economic structure is also laid bare in the area of revenue administration.

Sivaram, D.P. (1992). Militarism and Caste in Jaffna. Lanka Guardian, pp. 9-10, 14. Association of Tamils of Sri Lanka in the USA[Online]  In: Tamilnation.org.[Online] Available at : http://tamilnation.co/forum/ sivaram/920701lg.htm [ Accessed on 28 Sep.2016].

Sivaram, D.P. (1992). The suppression of Tamil Military Castes. In: Tamil Nation Org. [Online] Available at: http://tamilnation.co/forum/ sivaram/920715lg.htm [Accessed 28 Sep. 2016].

Sivathamby, K. (1984). Some Aspects of the Social Composition of Tamils of Sri Lanka. in: Ethnicity and Social Change in Sri Lanka: Papers Presented at a Seminar Organized by the Social Scientists Association, December 1979. Colombo: Social Scientist Association, pp. 121-145.

Sivathamby, K. (1989). Tamil Militants In: Wignaraja, P. and Hussain, A. eds., The challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation. New Delhi: Sage Publications, pp. 249-255.

Sivathamby, K. (1995). Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics. Madras: New Century Book House (P) Ltd.

Skjonsberg, E. (1974). A Special Caste: Tamil Women of Sri Lanka. London: Zed Press.

Somaratna, G. P. V. 1991 Kotahena Riot, 1883. Religious Riot in Sri Lanka , Colombo : Deepanee Printers.

Somasundaram, Cynthia Soundra (afterwards, Mrs Cynthia Smale Adams). Caste and its Relationship with Other Components of Status in a Ceylonese Village. 69 p. (M.A. thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. , 1954. Unpublished typescript. + A Jaffna village The social system examined is essentially a transplanted sub-culture in Ceylon. Some Notes on the Origin of Caste; by Luigi. Eur. Assn. C.Q.Bull. 2(1) July 1928:19-25.

Somatilake, M., (1998), “The Caste System During the Kandyan Period: Service Castes and the Field of Art” in P. Sorata, A. Nanda and HMDR Herath (eds.), Memorial Volume in Honour of Dr Labuduwe Siridhamma Maha Thero, Kandy: Offset Printers, pp. 358-380.

Soyisa, E. (1904). Kevul Rodi Kolama. Moratuva: Moratu Mudra Yantralaya.

Spencer, J. (1990). A Sinhala village in a Time of Trouble. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Spencer, Jonathan (1990). Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict. London: Rutledge.

Sri Lankan Caste System: Sinhalese Castes, Sri Lankan Tamil Caste, Govigama, Salagama, Timeline of the Karavas, Coast Veddas. (2012). Memphid:  LLc books.

Sri Sumangala Hikkaduwe. Terunnanse.  (Don Arrnolis pseud.). Kevatta Vamsaya or the true history of the Kareiyas and Paravas disproving the statement made in the Itihasa. Colombo, F. Cooray, printers, 1877. 37p. (A rebuttal).

Sri Sumangala, Weligama Terunnanse Ithihasa… or a collection of useful information concerning the natives of Ceylon, as recorded in an ancient histories; comp. by Weligama Sri Sumangala Terunnanse, Colombo Arnold Dias, 1876. Ix, 112p.

Srinivas, M. N. 1959 “The Dominant Caste in Rampura,” American Anthropologist 61: 1-16.

Srinivasa Aiyangar, M. (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 AD. Madras: Cumaraswamy Naidu and Sons.

Stirral, R.L.(1982). Caste Conundrums: Views of Caste in a Sinhalese Catholic Fishing Village”, in: D. B. Mc Gilvray, ed., Caste Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 8-33.

Stirrat, R.L. (1975). Compadragzgo in Catholic Sri Lanka. Man, pp. 589-606.

Sumathy, S. (2001). Militants, Militarism and the Crisis of (Tamil) Nationalism. Colombo: Marga Institute.

Suppression of Caste Prejudice: by A.M.K. Sinhalese 1(3-4) Sept.-Dec. 1913: 60-61

Suriyanarayan, L., (2001), Momorial Speech on late R. Sivalingam, Colombo, 28^th July 2001.

Swarnamali, T. (2014). Ovun Obamen Nove Eheth Ovun Obamenya : Kinnara Janathava Pilibanda Vimasumk. (in Sinhala) Nugegoda : Sanhinda.

Tambaih, S.J. 1958. The Structure of Kinship and its Relationship to Land Possession and Residence in Pata Dumbara, Central Ceylon. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Ireland, 88(1), pp.22-24.

Tambiah S.J.  1967 “The Caste System in Ceylon. Caste and Race: Comparative Approaches, ïn A Ciba Foundation volume; ed. by Anthony de Reuck and Julie Knight. London, J. & A. Churchill, 1967. Pp. 88-90. A short contribution made during a symposium held in London, 19^th-21^st, April 1966.

Tambiah, H.W. (2004). The Laws and Customs of the Tamils of Jaffna. Colombo: Women’s Education & Research Centre.

Tambiah, S. J. (1973). From Varana to Caste through Mixed Unions. In: J. Goody, The Character of Kinship. Cambridge University Press, pp. 191-229.

Tambiah, S. J. (1986). Sri Lanka ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Tambipillai, V. J. The True History of the Tamil Velalas. J.R.A.S.C.B. 21(61) 1908:1-38.

Tamil Castes (From Governor’s Minute, 23^rd June 1869). Inge Va or the Sinna durai’s pocket Tamil Guide.  4^th ed. Colombo. 1902. Pp. 88-99. Alphabetical list of castes.

Temple Entry Movement in the North. Tellipalai. All Ceylon (Hindu) Practices and Observances Protection Society, 1968. iv, 42p.

Tha Kauravas or Kurus of India and Their Advent and Immigration to Sri Lanka. -6037

Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraj. From Varna to Caste Through Mixed Unions. The Character of Kinship; ed. By Jack Goody. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973. pp. 191-229. Two terms of classification – Hierarchy and Key- are contrasted, and the author demonstrates that a close study of the classificatory techniques implicit in traditional Indian materials permits a substantive contribution to caste theory concerning the relation between varna and jati. Also demonstrated concomitantly, is a proposition that purity and pollution in the Indian caste system can be viewed as grounded in the interrelation of castes, according to two principles  – “direct order” and “inverse order” – of participation.

Thananjayarajasingham, S. Notes on the Telegu Gypsies of Ceylon. Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society (Calcutta). 8 (2) Oct. 1973:123-130 The origin of the Kuravar, a Telengu speaking gypsy community in Ceylon, is shrouded in mystery. Their language clearly indicates an Indian origin. Only a small minority of 452 Kuravar is found in two pockets of colonies at Kanchirankudah and Aligampe in the Batticaloa district. Their economic and administrative organization, marriage and funeral customs, religion, education language situation, and cultural contacts and acculturation are discussed.

Thanges, P. (2014). Will it Disappear, If you Stop Talking About It? A Question on Caste and Ethnicity in Jaffna. Colombo Telegraph, 21st June 2014. Available at: https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/will-it-disappear-if-you-stop-talking-about-it-a-question-on-caste-and-ethnicity-injaffna/  [Accessed 22 August 2016].

Thanges, P. and Silva, K.T. (2009). Caste Discrimination in War-affected Jaffna Society In: K.T. Silva and others, eds., Casteless or caste-blind? Dynamics of Concealed Caste Discrimination, Social Exclusion and Protest in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Kumaran Book House, pp. 50-70.

Thanges, P. (2006). Caste and Ethnicity in Jaffna: War-induced Transformation of Identity, Unpublished B.A. University of Peradeniya.

Thanges,P.(2007). Yaalpaanathil Saathi: Marapum Mattamun (in Tamil) In :Yaalpaanach Chamookam. Colombo: Malar Veliyeedu, pp.11-86.

The Caste System and the Government’s Policy of “divide et impra”.Y.C.1 (21) July 16, 1922: 3,5;1 (22) July 23, 1922:3

The Castes: (Knox’s list (1681); Cordiner’s list (1807); De Saram’s list (1832); The Niti Niganduwa’s list (1880); Armour’s list (1842). in: A treatise on the Laws and the Customs of the Sihalese. By F. A. Haylay. (1923). Appendix VI, pp.98-104

The Chaliah Caste in Ceylon; by Koorundu. A. J. n.s. 12(1) Sept. – Dec.  1833: 269-282 Description of the Cinnamon Department of the Dutch written in 1819.

The Position of Brahmanism and Buddhism in Regard to Caste. Maha Bodhi: 15(11) Nov. 1907: 157-160 -5824

The Works of Simon Casie Chitty: the Caste, Custom, Manners and Literature of Tamil.   (19-).[S.l] : [S.n.].

Thiruchandran, S.  (1997). Ideology, Caste Class and Gender. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Thorat,S & Shah, P.G. ,2007, Dismantling Descent-based Discrimination: Report on Dalit’s Access to Rights, New Delhi: NCDHR & IIDS.

Trautmann, T.R, (ed.), (1974). Kinship and History in South Asia. Ann Arbor: Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies.

Upham, Edward. Editor. Tract on the Castes in Ceylon. The Mahavansi (sic), the Raja Ratnacari and the Rajavali, forming the sacred and historical books of Ceylon; also a collection of the doctrines and literature of Buddhism; tr. From the Sinhalese, ed. by Edward Upham. London, Parbury, Allen, 1833. 3v. Vol.3, pp.331-369. (Vol. 1: xxxviii, 358 p.; Vol. 2: 325 p.; Vol. 3: 369 p.). These volumes were commissioned by Sir Alexander Johnston in his endeavour to make the administration of justice in Ceylon popular and more efficient. The product of these well-meant efforts was a work which George Turnour described as “one of the most extraordinary delusions, perhaps ever practiced on the literary world. A most deplorable compilation of hasty and incorrect translations made by inefficient court interpreters”. Turnour was provoked to bring out a scientific edition of the text of the Mahavansa and translation, which published in 1837.

Uyangoda, J. (1998). Caste in Sinhalese Society, Culture and Politics. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.

Vairamuttu, M. Hindu Religion and Caste. Rel Soc.Iss. 2(4) Dec. 1968:37-47.

Valentijn, Francois. Names of the Native Officers in the Villages of Ceylon. Francois Valentijn’s Description of Ceylon; pp. 65-86. ed. And tr. by Sinnappa Arasaratnam, London, The Hakluyt Society, 1978. xv, 395p., 12pl.(incl. front) 7 maps (1 fold).  (1978). (The Hakluyt Society ,2^nd series, Vol. 149).

Vellupillai, K. (1985). Yaalpana Vaipava Kamuthy. (in Tamil) Colombo: Kumaran Book

Weerathunga,N. (1988). Aspects of Ethnicity and Gender Among Rodi of Sri Lanka. Colombo: ICES.

Wickramanayake, D. The Caste System in Sri Lanka. Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. A World Survey. Willem A Veenhoven editor-in-chief. Vol. 2. The Hague, Published for the Foundation for the Study of Plural Societies by Martinus Nijhoff, 1975. pp. 181-189. Discusses the system of caste organization in the social structure in Sri Lanka from the evidence of the documentary records and current practice. Considered under four heads: I. The principle (farming) caste, p,182; II. The hierarchy of service castes, pp.183-185; III. The polluting castes, pp187-189. The gradation of caste in Tamil society are discussed in the last section.

Wickramanayake, D. (1975). The Caste System in Sri Lanka. Caste studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms. A World Survey 2. The Hague.  pp. 181-89.

Wickramasekera, S.B.W. (1961). The Social and Political Organization of the Kandyan Kingdom (Ceylon) .MA.  London: University of London.

Wickramasekara, D. S. Review of the Nithiniganduwa and caste system in Ceylon. Colombo, Catholic Massenger” Office, Printers 1885. [60] p.

Wickramasinghe, N. (2006). Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: a History of Contested Identities. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.

Wickramasinghe, W. Mendis A Few Thoughts on “Chathurvarnaya”, or the Four-Fold Social System of Castes, by W.W Colombo, Ceylon Catholic Orphan Press, Printers, 1886 iv, 59 p.

Wickramasinghe, W. Mendis, A Review of “Niti-Nighanduwa” and the Caste System in Ceylon; by W.W. Colombo, Ceylon Catholic Orphan Press, Printers, 1885. xix, 38p.

Wickramasinghe, N. (1995). Ethnic Politics in Colonial Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Vikas Publishers.

Wickremasekera, D.S. A Fair Statement of Facts on Caste Impartially Considered. Colombo, A.M. Rupasingha, (“Independent” press, printers), 1888.

Wickremasekera, D.S. Review of the Nitinighanduwa and Caste System in Ceylon, Colombo, “Catholic Messenger” office, printers, 1885. [60] p.

Wijayanayaka, F.B. D.S.A.J. (2016).  Karava of Sri Lanka. (Web page). Available at: http://www.karava.org/other/govigama.  [Accessed 24 Aug 2016].

Wijayanayaka, F.B. Jagath. Caste and Religion in Politics, Kurukshetra 1(1-2) 1975: 43-45. On the prejudices, misrepresentations and misconceived ideas on caste in the view and writings of foreigners.

Wijayanayaka, F.B. Jagath. Introduction; Epilogue. Kurukshetra 3, 1977: 4-16; 107-112. A survey of writings of certain Ceylonese scholars who in the writer’s opinion have displayed bias and prejudice, or suppressed facts in their accounts of the Karave caste.

Wijayanayaka, F.B. Jagath. The Social Upheaval of Society in the Middle Ages. Kurukshetra 1(1-2)1975: 18-23. Speculation on the inscriptional evidence that King Nissanka Malla pronounced and indictment on the Govikula, thereby fostering the impression that they were not proper aspirant to kingship.

Wijayanayaka, F.B. Jagath. The Vasnakula Adittiya Arasanila-yitta Class. Kurukshetra 2, 1976: 87-94,1 pl.

Wijenayaka, A.F.B. (1975). Jagath, Caste and religion in politics. Kurukshetra, 1(1-2).

Wijesinghe M.C. (1957) A case against caste. Colombo: C.A.A.C. Press.

Wijesinghe, Maitripala. A Case Against Caste. Colombo, Colombo Apothecaries Co. Ltd, [1927]. [4], 90 p.

Williams, B.F. (1989). A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Terrain. Annual Review of Anthropology, 18 (2): pp.401-444.

Wilson, A.J. (1994). S.J.V.Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism 1947-1977. USA, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Wilson, A.J. (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism – its Origins and Development in the 19th and 20th centuries. London: Hurst & Company.

Yalman, Nur. Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Univ. of California Press, 1971. xii, [2], 406p., 38 diagrs., 41 tables, 12 maps (incl. front).

Yalman, N. (1960). Flexibility of Caste Principles in a Kandyan Community. in:  E.R. Leach ed. Aspects of caste in South India: Ceylon and North West Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.78-112.

Yalman, N. (1963). On the Purity of Women in the Castes of Ceylon and Malabar. JRAI 93(1): pp.25-58.

Yalman, N. (1967). Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Castes, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Yocum, Glenn, Some Reflects on Caste [in Ceylon]. Rel.Soc.Iss. 2(4) Dec. 1968:23-30. The author was the American Chaplain of Jaffna College, Vaddukoddai.

Young, R. F. & G. P. V. Somaratna, 1996 Vain Debates. The Buddhist-Christian Controversies of Nineteenth-Century Ceylon, Vienna: Sammlund De Nobili Redaktion.

Young, R. F. & S. Jebanesan 1995 The Bible Trembled. The Hindu-Christian Controversies of Nineteenth-Century Ceylon, Vienna: Sammlund De Nobili Redaktion.

************

Caste in the Indian Tamil Community

Chandrabose, A.S. and Sivapargasam, P.P. (2015). Red colour of tea: Central Issues that Impact on Tea  Plantation Community in Sri Lanka. CCFD  France and HDO Kandy.

Devaraj,P. (1979). Indian tamils of Sri Lanka In: Ethnicity and social changes in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientist Association.

Hullop,O. (1994). Bonded Labour: Caste and Cultural Identity Among Tamil Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sterling Publications.

Peebles, P.(2001).The Plantation Tamils in Ceylon. London: Leicester University.

Books in Tamil

Balasundaram, S.Chandrabose, A.S. and Sivapragasam,P.P (2009). “Caste Discrimination among Indian Tamil Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka”. in K.T.Silva, ed., The Casteless or Caste-Blind.  IDS Network, New Delhi: Copenhagen and IIDS

Maaraimalai A. (1997). Velalar Nakarikam (Velala Civilizitation). Chennai: Manivasaker Patipakam.

Senthivel, S.K.  (Vekujanen). and Raveenthiran, N. (Ravana). (1988). Sathiyamum athartkethirana poraddangalum (The struggles against casteism) (in Tamil). Jaffna: Puthiya Poom.

Sivathambi,K.(2000). Yalpanam: chamookam panpadu karuthunilai, (in Tamil). Colombo: Kumaran Puththaka Illam.

Sokkalingam, K (Sokkan). (1974). Seetha (in Tamil). Colombo: Kumaran Book House.

****************