Michael Roberts
In reviewing the blog comments on my short memo on “Sinhala Mind-Set” during the years 2009-15, I was induced to place a claim by one “Flloyd” before about eighty of friends and others in my email address list in order to evaluate his assertion in April 2013 that “the Tamils continue to be tortured, raped, and killed by the state.” Though reading this particular charge as far too sweeping, I set out to test my reading. In my thinking this claim gained weight from the fact that the rest of Flloyd’s commentary suggested that he was not an extremist.
Some 23 individuals – including 5 Tamils, 1 Irishman,1 Colombo Chetty and 2 Indians — have responded, albeit briefly in several instances (with a few endorsing my suggestion that it is a sweeping exaggeration).. This item is now on web. One of those who commented, the Telugu Indian journalist Muralidhar Reddy has been kind enough to send me a private note from his location (now in India) that runs thus: “This turned out to be a very good exercise. Productive, useful and frankness from the heart of real people who were or are still on the ground.”
In pursuit of further value, I now present a BIBLIOGRAPHY on the topic of disappearances that amplifies previous efforts – one that has been assisted by the recent exercise. Note that I have not embraced items that focus specifically on rape in this exercise. Ii is a standard practice in agit-prop action from anti-state activists[1] as well as foreign reporters on brief excursions to the island to bracket “disappearances, torture and rape” together. Such an ‘alliance’ brings feminists on board and illuminates the halo around any writer’s head.
However, to bring instances of rape into the frame of inter-ethnic violence is fraught with problems because there is reason to surmise that a high proportion of the known instances of rape are by Sinhalese on Sinhalese and Tamils on Tamils. The recent gang-rape and murder of Sivaloganathan Vithiya at Pungudutivu on 15th May 2015 seems to have been a case of intra-familial vengeance-as Dinusha Panditharatne indicated in her comment. But it was the occasion for anti-state protests in Tamil area — a pointer to the depths of bitterness residing in Tamil hearts.
Yes, rape has certainly been an incidental tactic within wars the world over and, in my surmise, it is probable that we will never be able to extricate the figures for rape by the fighters on both sides during the Eelam Wars; nor those for rape inflicted on both male and female prisoners of war or Tamil internees in the years 2006-2016. But whatever the figures or specific incidents we recover, they must be set alongside the broader regional backdrop of comparative regional statistics on rape within Sri Lanka over time, with further contextualization provided by comparative statistics on suicide and murder within the provinces and districts of the island.
If memory serves me right,[2] Sri Lanka has had a high suicide rate for decades; and it ranked third highest in the world in 2012 with 28.8 per 100,000 thousand according to WHO figures. The comparative figures for the world in Wikipedia and other sites must be viewed with caution and deciphered by experts in such fields. For what they are worth, the figures for rape in the sensationalist “Top Ten in the World” indicated that Sri Lanka was second highest “two years ago,”[3] but had slipped [and thus improved] beyond the worst ten by 2016 (or whenever Ejaz Khan presented his summary — with no date indicated — recently.[4] According to one set of police figures the rate was 10.6 per 100,000 people in 2013. Clearly, we need those with expertise in this field to analyse the regional distribution over a period, with spot checks on similar data from the 20th century, to see if the incidence of rape in Tamil-majority districts in recent years is greater than those in Sinhala-majority districts. Till that is done and placed in the public domain, I hold that it is best to bracket “rape” within a box entitled “yet to be studied.”
So, the focus in this list is on data and arguments relating to the incidence of “disappearances” and “torture” in the period 2009-16. Some items are more pertinent in presenting the surrounding circumstances: these are coloured PURPLE. I encourage interested parties to submit other references That I have missed – so this will hopefully be a growing reference list
ENDNOTES
[1] Usually Tamil, but also including diehard Leftists.
[2] Informed by dim memories from R. N. Kearny & Barbara Miller<: “Suicide and Internal Migration in Sri Lanka,” Journal of Asian & African Studies, 1988, vol. 23/3: 287 – 304 Also see WP de Silva at http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/1/7164/CJMS-23(1-2)-10.pdf?sequence=2
[3] See Ejaz Khan at http://www.wonderslist.com/10-countries-highest-rape-crime/ hwere the country description runs thus: “Sri Lanka’s security forces are still raping and torturing suspects. There have been recent allegations that rape and torture by the Sri Lankan security forces have continued four years after the civil war ended. The UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence found that 14.5% of the sample of Sri Lankan men had perpetrated rape at some point in their lives. 4.9% had raped in the past year. 2.7% had raped another man. 1.6% had took part in a gang rape. 96.5% of the men who had raped experienced no legal consequences. 65.8% didn’t feel worried or guilty afterwards. 64.9% of rapists had raped more than once, and 11.1% had raped four or more girls or women. That’s why the country has highest suicide rates in the world.
[4] Significantly, the worst (meaning highest) ratings for “rape crime’ ran thus: Denmark & Finland; Zimbabwe; Australia; Canada; New Zealand; India; England & Wales; USA; South Africa (see http://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-countries-with-maximum-rape-crimes/).
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Croos, Fr. J., Deanne Uyangoda and Ruki Fernando 2011 “Threats, Harassments and Restrictions on Former Detainees and Their Families in Vanni,” 11 May 2011, http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2011/05/threats-harassments-and-restrictions-on.html
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Watchdog 2014 “Enforced Disappearances in Sri Lanka: 2006-2013. Right s of the Families of the Disappeared,” 9 January 2014, http://groundviews.org/2014/01/09/enforceddisappearances-in-sri-lanka-2006-2013/.
Weliamuna, JC 2012 “Discovering the White Van in a Troubled Democracy: An analysis of ongoing “abduction blueprint” in Sri Lanka,” 28 April 2012, http://groundviews.org/2012/04/28/discovering-the-white-van-in-a-troubled-democracy-an-analysis-of-ongoing-abduction-blueprint-in-sri-lanka/
Weerasinghe, C. 2016 “Operation Discredit Scuppered,” 24 April 2016, http://www.dailynews.lk/local/operation-discredit-scuppered
Weiss, Gordon 2011 “Sri Lanka faces its ‘Srebrenica moment’,” The Australian, 23 April 2011, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/sri-lanka-faces-its-srebrenica-moment/story-e6frg6ux-1226043466322
Weiss, Gordon 2012 “New Evidence — The Death of Colonel Ramesh,” 21 March 2012, https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/newevidencethe-death-of-colonel-ramesh-warning-disturbing-images/
Weiss, Gordon 2011 The Cage
Weliamuna, JC 2012 “Discovering the White Van in a Troubled Democracy: An analysis of ongoing “abduction blueprint” in Sri Lanka,” 28 April 2012, http://groundviews.org/2012/04/28/discovering-the-white-van-in-a-troubled-democracy-an-analysis-of-ongoing-abduction-blueprint-in-sri-lanka
[White Flag] 2014 Five Years On: The White Flag Incident, http://white-flags.org/
Wijesinha, Rajiva 2013a “Sri Lanka Rights Watch 84 – Structures to deal with disappearances,” http://www.peaceinsrilanka.lk/press-releases-details/press-releases-details/3061
Wijesinha, Rajiva 2013b “Sri Lanka Rights Watch 96 – Answering allegations intelligently,” 20 March 2013, http://rajivawijesinha.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/sri-lanka-rights-watch-96-answering-allegations-intelligently/#more-6028
Yatawara, Dhaneshi 2009 “Entrapped Civilians seek salvation in Force,” Sunday Observer, 17 May 2009, http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/05/17/fea05.asp
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NEW ADDITIONS, 17 December 2016
RAISA WICKREMATUNGA: “SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS: THE ROAD TO THE OMP,” 30 AUGUST 2016, HTTPS://GROUNDVIEWS.ORG/2016/08/30/SEARCHING-FOR-ANSWERS-THE-ROAD-TO-THE-OMP/
BHAVANI FONSEKA: “THE OFFICE ON MISSING PERSONS: A NEW CHAPTER OR ANOTHER EMPTY PROMISE?” 18 AUGUST 2016,HTTPS://GROUNDVIEWS.ORG/2016/08/18/THE-OFFICE-ON-MISSING-PERSONS-A-NEW-CHAPTER-OR-ANOTHER-EMPTY-PROMISE/
RAISA WICKREMATUNGA: “THE PROCESS BEHIND OMP: VIDEO INTERVIEWS,” 11 AUGUST 2016, HTTPS://GROUNDVIEWS.ORG/2016/08/11/THE-PROCESS-BEHIND-OMP-VIDEO-INTERVIEWS/
CONSULTATION TASK FORCE: “INTERIM REPORT: CONSULTATION TASK FORCE ON RECONCILIATION MECHANISMS,” 11 AUGUST 2016, HTTPS://GROUNDVIEWS.ORG/2016/08/11/INTERIM-REPORT-CONSULTATION-TASK-FORCE-ON-RECONCILIATION-MECHANISMS/
RONALD SLYE: “DIFFICULT ISSUES, STRATEGIC CHOICES: CRAFTING A COHERENT SRI LANKAN TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE PROCESS,” 1 AUGUST 2016, HTTPS://GROUNDVIEWS.ORG/2016/08/01/DIFFICULT-ISSUES-STRATEGIC-CHOICES-CRAFTING-A-COHERENT-SRI-LANKAN-TRANSITIONAL-JUSTICE-PROCESS/
MANOHARA DE SILVA & CA CHANDRAPREMA: “Serious Flaws in the Legal Foundations of the Office of Missing Persons,” 16 July 2016, https://thuppahis.com/2016/07/20/serious-flaws-in-the-legal-foundations-of-the-office-of-missing-persons/
Torture the sri lankan peoples are sad very sad news, We should do something to solve that problem
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Disappearances and Torture in Lanka….read moreTamil News Online
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