Pic dated 17 August 1947 from www.bbc.com = The search for Jinnah’s vision of PakistanJinnah passed away just a year after Pakistan’s creation. And ever since his death, the country’s state, various governments, and the moderate, liberal, and conservative intelligentsia have been locked in continuous battle over the question of the country’s raison d’être and ideological composition. According to moderates and liberals, Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a project to conceive and initiate an entirely modernistic, flexible and pluralistic strand of Islam, which could then go on to inspire the rest of the Muslim world. On the other hand, conservative and religious intelligentsia insists that Pakistan was created as a jumping pad to launch a theological state. They maintain that this was to be done through legislation from above and evangelical activity from below, which would then shape a ‘unique’ Islamic state for the Muslim Ummah.
How Sri Lanka defeated the “Invincible’ LTTE: A Concise Summary from 2009
Sergei de Silva-Ranasinghe, being an article entitled “How Sri Lanka won the Unwinnable War” in Asia Pacific Defence Reporter, 35/7, September 2009 … with the highlighting and pictorial items being my embellishments — to be supplemented by a separate essay – Michael Roberts.
Considered to be one of Asia’s longest running conflicts, the Sri Lankan civil war officially ended on 19 May 2009, with the Sri Lankan military recapturing all LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) controlled territory and killing its leadership. Arguably, the defeat of one of the world’s most militarily advanced terrorist organisations has dispelled the long sustained myth of LTTE’s invincibility and that Sri Lanka’s insurgency was not winnable.
The process of military transformation first began during the latter stages of the Norwegian-brokered Ceasefire Agreement (2002-2006), which brought the LTTE and Sri Lankan government to the negotiation table. However, two failed attempts at negotiations and LTTE’s ceasefire violations – which included the assassination of the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister and attempted assassination of the commander of the army – revealed LTTE’s intentions to recommence its war of secession. As far as the military was concerned, it entered the ceasefire lacking purpose and had little support from the nation’s political leadership at the time. However, this changed dramatically when President Mahinda Rajapakse was elected to office in November 2005. Soon after this, the President appointed his brother, Gotabaya Rajapakse (a retired Lieutenant Colonel) to the key position of Defence Secretary. The leadership style of Gotabaya Rajapakse was disciplined, pragmatic and results oriented, which instilled confidence among his military commanders that the LTTE could be militarily defeated. As such, a uniquely ‘Rajapakse Doctrine’ was adopted that markedly differed from predecessors, which Gotabaya Rajapakse articulated: “The hallmarks of the new radical approach included the appointment of tried and tested commanders; leaders who were brave and had battlefield experience, purchasing of new weaponry alongside an increased and fervent recruitment and training agenda.” Continue reading
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